Measles
Measles
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DOI：
10.1038/nrdp.2016.49
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发表时间：
2016-07-14
影响因子：
81.5
通讯作者：
Goodson, James L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rota, Paul A.;Moss, William J.;Goodson, James L.
麻疹是由麻疹病毒（MeV）引起的人类传染病。在引入有效的麻疹疫苗之前，几乎每个人都在童年时期经历过麻疹。麻疹的症状包括发烧和斑丘疹，伴有咳嗽、鼻炎和/或结膜炎。MeV引起免疫抑制，麻疹的严重后遗症包括肺炎、胃肠炎、失明、麻疹包涵体脑炎和亚急性硬化性全脑炎。病例确认取决于临床表现和实验室检查结果，包括抗MeV IgM抗体和/或病毒RNA的检测。目前所有麻疹疫苗都含有MeV减毒活毒株，在提高全球疫苗接种覆盖率以降低麻疹发病率方面取得了巨大进展。然而，地方性传播在世界许多地区继续存在。麻疹仍然是全世界儿童死亡的一个重要原因，估计每年发生超过10万例致命病例。在发展中国家，病死率估计值从5%不等。世卫组织所有六个区域都制定了消除MeV地方性传播的目标，方法是实现和保持高水平的疫苗接种覆盖率，同时建立灵敏的监测系统。由于可获得高效和相对便宜的疫苗，该病毒的单型性质和缺乏动物宿主，麻疹被认为是根除的候选者。
Measles is an infectious disease in humans caused by the measles virus (MeV). Before the introduction of an effective measles vaccine, virtually everyone experienced measles during childhood. Symptoms of measles include fever and maculopapular skin rash accompanied by cough, coryza and/or conjunctivitis. MeV causes immunosuppression, and severe sequelae of measles include pneumonia, gastroenteritis, blindness, measles inclusion body encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Case confirmation depends on clinical presentation and results of laboratory tests, including the detection of anti-MeV IgM antibodies and/or viral RNA. All current measles vaccines contain a live attenuated strain of MeV, and great progress has been made to increase global vaccination coverage to drive down the incidence of measles. However, endemic transmission continues in many parts of the world. Measles remains a considerable cause of childhood mortality worldwide, with estimates that >100,000 fatal cases occur each year. Case fatality ratio estimates vary from 5% in developing countries. All six WHO regions have set goals to eliminate endemic transmission of MeV by achieving and maintaining high levels of vaccination coverage accompanied by a sensitive surveillance system. Because of the availability of a highly effective and relatively inexpensive vaccine, the monotypic nature of the virus and the lack of an animal reservoir, measles is considered a candidate for eradication.