Sex differences in embryo development periods and effects on avian hatching patterns
Sex differences in embryo development periods and effects on avian hatching patterns
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DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arg096
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发表时间：
2004-03-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Monaghan, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cook, MI;Monaghan, P
兄弟姐妹之间的竞争性相互作用是决定父母适合度的重要因素。这些都是强烈影响的相对后代的大小，因此也在一定程度上父母可以影响后代的大小等级。孵化在一个鸟离合器的时间模式有很大的影响大小和小鸡之间的发展差距。孵化扩散一般被认为主要是由与产卵有关的孵化开始决定的。然而，在何种程度上孵化开始以外的因素，如发展速度，也影响孵化的时间很少有实证研究。我们比较了雄性和雌性的海鸠（Cepphus grylle）胚胎的孵化期，以确定卵孵化所需的时间是否随胚胎性别而变化。产蛋日期和卵质量对孵化时间没有显著影响，但雄性胚胎孵化平均比雌性早一天。孵化的开始和孵化传播不同的黑海鸠。然而，在混合性别的离合器中，第一个奠定的胚胎是男性，男性更快的发展时间应该意味着异步孵化，无论父母的孵化制度。这得到了实证调查的支持。这些结果表明，孵化行为以外的因素在建立鸟类孵化模式中也很重要。这些性别差异的发展速度是否是由于父母的控制程度的限制，或自适应策略来操纵孵化模式，仍有待建立。
Competitive interactions among siblings are an important determinant of parental fitness. These are strongly influenced by relative offspring size and therefore also by the extent to which parents can influence offspring size hierarchies. The temporal pattern of hatching in an avian clutch has a large effect on size and developmental disparities among chicks. Hatching spread is generally assumed to be mainly determined by the onset of incubation in relation to egg laying. However, the extent to which factors other than incubation onset, such as development rate, also influence timing of hatching has received little empirical investigation. We compared incubation periods of male and female black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) embryos to ascertain whether the time taken for an egg to hatch varies with embryo sex. Laying date and egg mass had no significant effect on incubation time, but male embryos hatched on average a day sooner than did females. The onset of incubation and hatching spread vary in black guillemots. However, in mixed-sexed clutches in which the first-laid embryo is male, a faster development time of males should mean asynchronous hatching regardless of parental incubation regime. This was supported by empirical investigation. These results demonstrate that factors other than incubation behavior can be important in establishing avian hatching patterns. Whether these sex differences in development rate are a result of constraints on the degree of parental control, or an adaptive strategy to manipulate hatching patterns, remains to be established.