Designing in Ethics
Designing in Ethics
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道德设计
DOI：
10.1017/9780511844317.007
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sorell T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sorell T
In the field of global poverty reduction, philosophers have not only argued that the well-off are personally obliged to offer more help than they are disposed to offer to the internationally worst off; they have proposed designs for institutions that make effective coordinatedaction possible. Thomas Pogge (2008) gestures at a range of such institutions when he writes that even the most dedicated anti-poverty organizations sometimes waste money and effort. But if anything, this is a reason to think harder about world poverty and ways of attacking it, rather than less. Where corruption is an obstacle, we can try to reduce it, circumvent it, or focus efforts elsewhere. If foreign donations of food depress demand, prices, and hence incentives for production in the target country, we can instead enhance the income of the poor. Where direct transfers to poor households create dependency, we can, targeting children especially, fund vaccination programs, basic schooling, school lunches, safe water and sewage systems, housing, power plants and networks, banks and micro lending.(p. 9)Banks and micro-lending are the focus of this chapter. In what follows they shall be considered as instruments for undoing financial exclusion. To be financially excluded is to be ineligible for loans, secure savings deposits and insurance to meet emergencies. Financial exclusion is an aspect of both extreme poverty (daily income of around $1) and relative poverty (annual individual income 60% of average individual income in a particular country). Partly as a result of the global financial crisis that began in late 2007, financial exclusion is experienced in the North as well as the South. The financially excluded are vulnerable around the world to predatory money lending practices, theft, fraud and manipulation by corrupt officials. I shall consider the preferred design of micro-lending (microfinance) institutions in the poorest parts of the world, and also in richer jurisdictions where welfare state provision is shrinking. The institutions needed in these different
