Theory and Evidence: The Development of Scientific Reasoning
Theory and Evidence: The Development of Scientific Reasoning
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理论与证据：科学推理的发展
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发表时间：
1996
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通讯作者：
Barbara Koslowski
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作者：
Barbara Koslowski
在《理论与证据》一书中，芭芭拉·科斯洛夫斯基将焦点集中在标准文献扭曲和低估普通人推理能力的方式上。她为一个新的研究项目提供了基础，该项目旨在更完整地描述科学推理、解决问题和因果关系。科斯洛夫斯基因其在认知发展领域的实证工作而长期受到认可，她大胆地批评了许多目前的经典研究，并以过去十年中进行的一系列详尽的实验为基础，提出了一系列令人信服的论点。理论与证据描述的研究着眼于人们对科学推理中重要证据类型的信念，并研究这些信念如何随着年龄的增长而变化。主要的焦点是在实际科学实践的基础上的策略：报告了两种一般类型的研究，一种是关于假设检验，另一种是关于人们如何处理与给定解释不一致的证据——假设修正的过程。科斯洛夫斯基认为，当科学推理被操作性地定义为正确的表现包括关注协变而忽略对理论或机制的考虑时，那么受试者通常被视为从事有缺陷的推理，而实际上他们的推理在科学上是合法的。单靠共变或单靠理论都不能构成成功的公式。布拉德福德的书。学习、发展和概念变化系列
In Theory and Evidence Barbara Koslowski brings into sharp focus the ways in which the standard literature both distorts and underestimates the reasoning abilities of ordinary people. She provides the basis for a new research program on a more complete characterization of scientific reasoning, problem solving, and causality. Long acknowledged for her empirical work in the field of cognitive development, Koslowski boldy criticizes many of the currently classic studies and musters a compelling set of arguments, backed by an exhaustive set of experiments carried out during the last decade. Theory and Evidence describes research that looks at the beliefs that people hold about the type of evidence that counts in scientific reasoning and also examines how those beliefs change with age. The primary focus is on the strategies that underlie actual scientific practice: two general sorts of research are reported, one on hypothesis testing and the other on how people deal with evidence that disconfirms a given explanation-the process of hypothesis revision. Koslowski argues that when scientific reasoning is operationally defined so that correct performance consists of focusing on covariation and ignoring considerations of theory or mechanisms, then subjects are often treated as engaging in flawed reasoning when in fact their reasoning is scientifically legitimate. Neither relying on covariation alone nor relying on theory alone constitutes a formula for success. A Bradford Book. Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change series