Keep Listening: Grammatical Context Reduces but Does Not Eliminate Activation of Unexpected Words
Keep Listening: Grammatical Context Reduces but Does Not Eliminate Activation of Unexpected Words
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继续听：语法上下文会减少但不会消除意外单词的激活
DOI：
10.1037/xlm0000488
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jeffrey J. Berg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Julia F. Strand;V. Brown;Hunter E Brown;Jeffrey J. Berg
为了理解口语，听众将声学语音输入与来自上下文的期望结合起来（Dahan & Magnuson，2006）。关于语义上下文的眼动追踪研究表明，竞争候选词汇的激活水平取决于自下而上的输入和自上而下的期望的相对强度（参见 Dahan & Tanenhaus，2004）。然而，在语法领域，语境对词汇竞争的分级影响已经被预测（Magnuson、Tanenhaus 和 Aslin，2008），但尚未得到证实。在当前的眼动追踪研究中，参与者在语法上不受约束（例如，“这个词是……”）或约束性（例如，“他们想到了……”）上下文中看到了目标词。在语法受限的身份拼接试验中，来自目标的一个标记的语音信息被拼接到目标的另一个标记中，对竞争对手的注视与对干扰者的注视没有什么不同。然而，在语法受限的交叉拼接试验中，来自竞争对手的语音信息被交叉拼接到目标中，以增加对该竞争对手的自下而上的支持，参与者更多地关注上下文不合适的竞争对手，而不是语音上不相关的干扰因素，这表明足够强的声学语音输入可以克服上下文限制。因此，尽管语法上下文限制了词汇激活，但听众仍然对自下而上的输入敏感。综上所述，这些结果表明词汇激活取决于声学语音输入和从语法上下文中得出的自上而下的期望的相互作用。
To understand spoken language, listeners combine acoustic-phonetic input with expectations derived from context (Dahan & Magnuson, 2006). Eye-tracking studies on semantic context have demonstrated that the activation levels of competing lexical candidates depend on the relative strengths of the bottom-up input and top-down expectations (cf. Dahan & Tanenhaus, 2004). In the grammatical realm, however, graded effects of context on lexical competition have been predicted (Magnuson, Tanenhaus, & Aslin, 2008), but not demonstrated. In the current eye-tracking study, participants were presented with target words in grammatically unconstraining (e.g., “The word is . . . ”) or constraining (e.g., “They thought about the . . .”) contexts. In the grammatically constrained, identity-spliced trials, in which phonetic information from one token of the target was spliced into another token of the target, fixations to the competitor did not differ from those to distractors. However, in the grammatically constrained, cross-spliced trials, in which phonetic information from the competitor was cross-spliced into the target to increase bottom-up support for that competitor, participants fixated more on contextually inappropriate competitors than phonologically unrelated distractors, demonstrating that sufficiently strong acoustic-phonetic input can overcome contextual constraints. Thus, although grammatical context constrains lexical activation, listeners remain sensitive to the bottom-up input. Taken together, these results suggest that lexical activation is dependent upon the interplay of acoustic-phonetic input and top-down expectations derived from grammatical context.