Anxiety and panic: from human studies to animal research and back
Anxiety and panic: from human studies to animal research and back
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.013
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发表时间：
2005-02-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Ogliari, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Battaglia, M;Ogliari, A
学习和调节的作用在人类焦虑症中各不相同，区分恐惧和恐慌对于指导恐慌症的研究很重要。通过提醒一些心理学和心理生物学理论将惊恐发作视为无条件生物学起源的错误警报，我们建议采用生物学和进化相关的内表型-例如对窒息刺激的呼吸反应-对于人类研究和惊恐的动物模型都是富有成效的，并且可以帮助将临床图像的非条件成分与实验环境中的条件成分分开。我们对一个模型进行了回顾一种恐慌症，由特殊的环境不良事件引起的无条件的和意想不到的身体恐慌。沿着提出的致病途径，胆碱能系统的多态性基因的选择性剪接表达起着重要作用。轻微应激后乙酰胆碱酯酶通读剪接变体的过度产生可以通过皮质边缘回路水平的作用促进被动回避和学习，以及通过化学感受的胆碱能成分的作用提高对窒息刺激的敏感性。当预期性焦虑的一个成分使复发性惊恐发作的临床表现复杂化，并且HPA被激活时，乙酰胆碱酯酶基因转录起始位点上游17 kb的糖皮质激素反应元件可以长时间维持对窒息刺激的敏感性。我们回顾了人类恐慌的动物模型是如何基于相同的呼吸恐慌原无条件激发警报反应的，是可行的和有前途的。(C)2004爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The role of learning and conditioning varies across human anxiety disorders, and distinguishing between fear and panic is important to guide investigation in panic disorder. By reminding that some psychological and psychobiological theories view panic attacks as false alarms of unconditioned biological origin, we suggest that employing endophenotypes of biological and evolutionary relevance-such as the respiratory responses to suffocative stimuli-can be fruitful for both human research and animal models of panic, and can help keeping unconditioned components of the clinical picture separate from the conditioned components in the experimental setting.We present a review of a model of panic disorder by which idiosyncratic environmental adverse events can promote unconditioned and unexpected spells of physical alarm. Along the proposed causal pathway the alternative splicing expression of polymorphic genes of the cholinergic system play an important role. The overproduction of the Acetylcholinesterase readthrough splice variant after minor stress can promote passive avoidance and learning through action at the level of the corticolimbic circuitries, as well as heightened sensitivity to suffocative stimuli by action upon the cholinergic components of chemoception. When a component of anticipatory anxiety complicates the clinical picture of recurrent panic attacks, and the HPA becomes activated, the glucocorticoid response element 17 kb upstream of the Acetylcholinesterase gene transcription initiation site may sustain sensitivity to suffocative stimuli for prolonged time.Finally, we review how animal models of human panic based on unconditioned provocation of alarm reactions by the same respiratory panicogens that are employed in man are viable and promising. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.