X-RAY SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING WITH SUBSTANCES OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST IN DILUTED SOLUTIONS
X-RAY SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING WITH SUBSTANCES OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST IN DILUTED SOLUTIONS
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DOI：
10.1016/s0079-6107(63)80015-2
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发表时间：
1963-01-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
KRATKY, O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
KRATKY, O
X-Nay小角散射是指X射线束通过物质物体后，以小角度部分绕射的现象。这是由于TLM电子密度在胶体数量级上发生在物体中的不均匀造成的。根据一个非常先进的理论，从小角散射的测量中可以得到有关胶体区域的大小、形状、排列和质量的有价值的信息，这些胶体区域的平均电子密度与其环境不同。这是一个研究领域，其对研究生物物体中的大分子和其他胶体粒子的重要性正在迅速增加。众所周知，X射线的相干绕射通常是基于这样一个事实，即入射波激发被照射物体的电子的振动，然后这些电子发出二次波。对这些次级波的TLM干涉的研究是X射线精细结构分析的根本目的。由于对于所有的衍射现象，衍射物的大小和衍射角是成反比的，胶体颗粒和大分子在适当的小角度上产生u散射效应，即“小角散射”。X射线小角散射现象在三十年代在不同的实验室中被观察到，并用纤维和胶体粉末描述(Krishnamurti，1930；Hendricks，1932；5lark，1932；tXVarren，1934,1936)。此外，很早就认识到这种影响是由物体的胶体结构引起的。然而，这一问题的定量状态只有两种理论解释。
X-nAY small angle scattering is the plmnomenon of an X-ray beam passing through a material object being partly diffracted at small angles. It is caused by inhomogeneitics of tlm electron density occurring in the object at colloidal orders of magnitude. On the basis of a very advanced theory it is possible to derive from measurements of the small angle scattering valuable information concerning size, shape, arrangement and mass of those colloidal regions differing from their enviroiamcnt in the average electron density. This is a field of research whose importance for the study of macromolecules and other colloidal particles in biological objects is rapidly increasing. The coherent diffraction of X-rays in general is based, as is well known, on the fact that the incident wave excites a vibration in the electrons of the irradiated object, whereupon those emit secondary waves. Tlm 9 study of tlm interference of these secondary wavcs is the essential purpose of the X-ray fine structure analysis. Since for all diffraction phenomena the size of the diffracting object and the diffraction anglo are inversely rclatcd, colloidal particles and macromolecules produce u scattering effect at the appropriate small angles, that is a" small angle scattering".The phenomenon of the X-ray snmll angle scattering was obscrvcd and described with fibres and colloidal powders in various laboratories in the thirties (Krishnamurti, 1930; Hendricks, 1932; 5lark, 1932; tXVarren, 1934, 1936). Also, it was recognized rather early that the effect is caused by the colloidal structure of the objccts. A quantitative state of the matter, however, was only aclfieved by two theoretical interpretations.