Comparative evaluation of lead emissions and toxicity potential in the life cycle of lead halide perovskite photovoltaics
Comparative evaluation of lead emissions and toxicity potential in the life cycle of lead halide perovskite photovoltaics
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DOI：
10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.141
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
9
通讯作者：
Baxter, Jason B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Billen, Pieter;Leccisi, Enrica;Baxter, Jason B.
卤化铅钙钛矿 (LHP) 是一类新兴的光伏 (PV) 材料，由于其超过 23% 的功率转换效率以及低成本制造的潜力而引起了人们的浓厚兴趣。然而，铅的毒性引起了人们对其在 LHP-PV 中大规模使用的担忧。在这里，我们量化了 LHP-PV 在潜在商业生产中的铅强度和潜在毒性。假设光伏发电的运行寿命达到 20 年，LHP-PV 生命周期中的铅强度可比美国代表性电力组合低 4 倍，潜在有毒排放量可低 20 倍。我们引入了“毒性潜在回报时间”指标，考虑了能源循环生命周期中的有毒排放，并表明由相同电网组合生产并取代相同电网组合的钙钛矿光伏发电的时间小于 2 年。与制造光伏系统的能量相关的潜在毒性在与隐含铅释放相关的潜在毒性中占主导地位。因此，铅的使用不应妨碍 LHP-PV 的商业化。相反，应将精力集中在低能耗制造工艺和长使用寿命的开发上。需要进行额外的详细研究来量化钙钛矿商业生产的整个生命周期并最大限度地减少潜在排放。 (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Lead halide perovskites (LHP) are an emerging class of photovoltaic (PV) materials that have drawn intense interest due to their power conversion efficiencies above 23% and their potential for low-cost fabrication. However, the toxicity of lead causes concern about its use in LHP-PV at large scales. Here, we quantified lead intensity and toxicity potential of LHP-PV in potential commercial production. Lead intensity in LHP-PV life cycles can be 4 times lower and potential toxic emissions can be 20 times lower than those in representative U.S. electricity mixes, assuming that PV operational lifetimes reach 20 years. We introduce the metric "toxicity potential payback time", accounting for toxic emissions in the life cycle of energy cycles, and showed that it is < 2 years for perovskite PVs produced by and displacing the same grid mix. The toxicity potential associated with the energy of manufacturing a PV system dominates that associated with release of embodied lead. Therefore, the use of lead should not preclude commercialization of LHP-PVs. Instead, effort should focus on development of low-energy manufacturing processes and long service lifetimes. Additional detailed investigations are needed to quantify the full life cycle of commercial production of perovskites and to minimize potential emissions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.