Pharmacology of human experimental anxiety
Pharmacology of human experimental anxiety
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DOI：
10.1590/s0100-879x2003000400003
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发表时间：
2003-04-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Guimarães, F.S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Graeff, F.G.;Parente, A.;Guimarães, F.S.
本文综述了影响焦虑的药物对健康志愿者和焦虑障碍患者诱导实验性焦虑的四种心理方法的影响。第一个是皮肤电导对音调反应的厌恶条件反射。第二种是模拟公开演讲，包括在摄像机前演讲，用心理测量量表测量焦虑程度。第三个是Stroop颜色-单词测试，在这个测试中，命名颜色的单词被涂上相同或不同的阴影，这种不一致会产生认知冲突。最后一项测试是一个人类版本的彻底研究焦虑的动物模型，恐惧增强惊吓，其中眼睛对大声噪音的反射被记录下来。证据审查导致的结论是，厌恶条件反射和增强惊吓测试是基于预期焦虑的经典条件反射。它们对苯二氮卓类抗焦虑药物的敏感性表明，这些模型产生了一种与广泛性焦虑障碍相关的情绪状态。另一方面，通过模拟公开演讲确定的焦虑增加对苯二氮卓类药物有抗性，对影响血清素能神经传递的药物敏感。这种药理学特征以及表明其广泛流行的流行病学证据表明，公众演讲产生的情绪状态代表了一种特定物种的反应，可能与社交恐惧症和恐慌症有关。由于缺乏药理学数据，Stroop Color-Word测试的地位仍然不确定。尽管受到伦理和经济的限制，人类实验焦虑仍然是研究焦虑障碍病理生理学的一个有价值的工具。
This review covers the effect of drugs affecting anxiety using four psychological procedures for inducing experimental anxiety applied to healthy volunteers and patients with anxiety disorders. The first is aversive conditioning of the skin conductance responses to tones. The second is simulated public speaking, which consists of speaking in front of a video camera, with anxiety being measured with psychometric scales. The third is the Stroop Color-Word test, in which words naming colors are painted in the same or in a different shade, the incongruence generating a cognitive conflict. The last test is a human version of a thoroughly studied animal model of anxiety, fear-potentiated startle, in which the eye-blink reflex to a loud noise is recorded. The evidence reviewed led to the conclusion that the aversive conditioning and potentiated startle tests are based on classical conditioning of anticipatory anxiety. Their sensitivity to benzodiazepine anxiolytics suggests that these models generate an emotional state related to generalized anxiety disorder. On the other hand, the increase in anxiety determined by simulated public speaking is resistant to benzodiazepines and sensitive to drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. This pharmacological profile, together with epidemiological evidence indicating its widespread prevalence, suggests that the emotional state generated by public speaking represents a species-specific response that may be related to social phobia and panic disorder. Because of scant pharmacological data, the status of the Stroop Color-Word test remains uncertain. In spite of ethical and economic constraints, human experimental anxiety constitutes a valuable tool for the study of the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders.