Emotional arousal and discount rate in intertemporal choice are reference dependent.

Emotional arousal and discount rate in intertemporal choice are reference dependent.
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跨期选择中的情绪唤醒和贴现率是参考相关的。

DOI:
10.1037/xge0000047
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
Journal of experimental psychology. General
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Phelps,ElizabethA
Phelps,ElizabethA
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lempert,KarolinaM;Glimcher,PaulW;Phelps,ElizabethA

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许多决定都涉及权衡眼前的满足感和未来的后果。在这种跨期选择中,人们往往选择较小的即时奖励,而不是较大的延迟奖励。有人提出,对即刻回报的情绪反应会导致我们以长期的代价来选择它们。在这里,我们使用一种客观的情绪唤醒测量方法--瞳孔扩张--来检验情绪在这些决定中的作用。我们发现,在跨期选择任务中,情绪唤醒反应和选择都是参照依赖的,并反映了决策者最近的要约历史。当不可预测的回报好于预期时,无论这些回报是直接的还是延迟的,性唤醒都会增加。此外,当即时奖励比延迟奖励更难预测时,参与者往往会有耐心。当延迟奖励更难预测时,更倾向于立即奖励。我们的发现表明,我们可以通过改变做出跨期选择的环境来鼓励人们更有耐心。
Many decisions involve weighing immediate gratification against future consequences. In such intertemporal choices, people often choose smaller, immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. It has been proposed that emotional responses to immediate rewards lead us to choose them at our long-term expense. Here we utilize an objective measure of emotional arousal—pupil dilation—to examine the role of emotion in these decisions. We show that emotional arousal responses, as well as choices, in intertemporal choice tasks are reference-dependent and reflect the decision-maker’s recent history of offers. Arousal increases when less predictable rewards are better than expected, whether those rewards are immediate or delayed. Furthermore, when immediate rewards are less predictable than delayed rewards, participants tend to be patient. When delayed rewards are less predictable, immediate rewards are preferred. Our findings suggest that we can encourage people to be more patient by changing the context in which intertemporal choices are made.
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