History of polio vaccination.
History of polio vaccination.
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DOI：
10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108
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发表时间：
2012-08-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Baicus, Anda
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Baicus, Anda
脊髓灰质炎是由三种脊髓灰质炎病毒（PV）血清型引起的急性麻痹性疾病。不到1%的PV感染导致急性弛缓性麻痹。采用福尔马林灭活沙克脊髓灰质炎疫苗（IPV）和沙宾口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）控制该病。1988年，世界卫生组织向其成员国提出了全球消灭脊髓灰质炎的建议。该战略计划确定了根除脊髓灰质炎、各区域核证、口服脊髓灰质炎停止阶段和口服脊髓灰质炎后阶段所需的活动。口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗是脊髓灰质炎根除计划的首选疫苗，因为它能引起全身和粘膜免疫反应。口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种的主要风险是疫苗相关麻痹性脊髓灰质炎病例（VAPP）的出现和疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒株的出现。在病毒难以控制的地区，已采用单价1型或3型脊髓灰质炎疫苗株或新的二价口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗bOPV（含有1型和3型脊髓灰质炎疫苗）进行补充免疫。大多数国家已经改变了疫苗接种计划，使用IPV而不是口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗，因为它不会造成疫苗相关疾病的风险。直到2008年，脊髓灰质炎在东欧国家罗马尼亚得到控制，主要使用口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗。替代疫苗接种计划（IPV/OPV）于2008年9月开始实施，而从2009年开始，疫苗接种仅为IPV。随着口服脊髓灰质炎的停止使用，VAPP的风险将在全球范围内消失。脊髓灰质炎免疫必须使用IPV至少维持5至10年。
Poliomyelitis is an acute paralytic disease caused by three poliovirus (PV) serotypes. Less than 1% of PV infections result in acute flaccid paralysis. The disease was controlled using the formalin-inactivated Salk polio vaccine (IPV) and the Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV). Global poliomyelitis eradication was proposed in 1988 by the World Health Organization to its member states. The strategic plan established the activities required for polio eradication, certification for regions, OPV cessation phase and post-OPV phase. OPV is the vaccine of choice for the poliomyelitis eradication program because it induces both a systemic and mucosal immune response. The major risks of OPV vaccination are the appearance of Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis cases (VAPP) and the emergence of Vaccine Derived Polioviruses strains. The supplementary immunization with monovalent strains of OPV type 1 or type 3 or with a new bivalent oral polio vaccine bOPV (containing type 1 and type 3 PV) has been introduced in those regions where the virus has been difficult to control. Most countries have switched the schedule of vaccination by using IPV instead of OPV because it poses no risk of vaccine-related disease. Until 2008, poliomyelitis was controlled in Romania, an Eastern European country, predominantly using OPV. The alternative vaccination schedule (IPV/OPV) was implemented starting in September 2008, while beginning in 2009, the vaccination was IPV only. The risk of VAPP will disappear worldwide with the cessation of use of OPV. The immunization for polio must be maintained for at least 5 to 10 years using IPV.