Immigration Policing and Federalism Through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy
Immigration Policing and Federalism Through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy
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从技术、监控和隐私角度看移民警务和联邦制
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Anil Kalhan
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作者：
Anil Kalhan
随着技术的部署，争取州和地方警察协助移民执法的联邦计划正在发生翻天覆地的变化。例如，就在奥巴马政府强烈呼吁废除亚利桑那州的S.B.1070和类似的州法律的同时，它实施了“安全社区”计划，这是美国历史上最大规模的州和地方移民治安扩张，该计划整合了移民和犯罪历史数据库系统，以便自动确定全国州和地方警察逮捕和记录的每个人的移民身份。到2012年，超过五分之一的被驱逐出境的人最初是通过该计划被识别和逮捕的，这使得被驱逐出境的非公民总数达到了前所未有的水平。安全社区是更广泛的、基于技术的转变的一部分，目的是向自动化移民警务转变，使用可互操作的数据库系统和其他技术来自动化和例行化识别和逮捕可能被驱逐的非公民在普通警察和日常生活的其他时刻。在这篇文章中，我分析了这种转变的影响。自动化移民警务不仅仅是大幅增加参与移民执法的州和地方执法官员的数量--尽管它肯定会以巨大的规模做到这一点。更根本的是，这些倡议的技术架构从根本上扰乱了移民联邦制的主流平衡，因为它有效地授权州和地方参与移民监管，而以前，在合作-不合作的范围内，州和地方有很大的自愿选择空间。在这个过程中，这些项目还模糊了移民控制和刑事司法之间的实质性界限。作为一系列更广泛、更长期发展的一部分，涉及一系列不同政策领域的技术、监控和信息共享，自动化移民警务构成了移民执法更基本变革的前沿，提出了类似于其他形式的基于技术的监控所产生的问题。因此，我在此背景下评估自动化移民警务，利用基于技术、监控和隐私的框架来补充和折射现有移民学术的见解。最后，我提出了告知、指导和限制这些技术使用的原则，敦促保护社会中不进行移民监管的区域，恢复国家和地方选择的更大空间，并在实施过程中提高透明度、监督和问责。
With the deployment of technology, federal programs to enlist state and local police assistance with immigration enforcement are undergoing a sea change. For example, even as it forcefully has urged invalidation of Arizona’s S.B. 1070 and similar state laws, the Obama administration has presided over the largest expansion of state and local immigration policing in U.S. history with its implementation of the “Secure Communities” program, which integrates immigration and criminal history database systems in order to automatically ascertain the immigration status of every individual who is arrested and booked by state and local police nationwide. By 2012, over one fifth of all individuals removed from the United States were initially identified and apprehended through the program, contributing to unprecedented overall numbers of noncitizens who have been removed from the United States.Secure Communities is part of a broader, technology-based shift toward automated immigration policing, the use of interoperable database systems and other technologies to automate and routinize the identification and apprehension of potentially deportable noncitizens in the course of ordinary police encounters and other moments of day-to-day life. In this Article, I analyze the implications of this shift. Automated immigration policing does not simply effect a massive increase in the number of state and local law enforcement officials involved in immigration enforcement — although it certainly does that, on an enormous scale. More fundamentally, the technological architecture of these initiatives radically disrupts the prevailing equilibrium of immigration federalism by effectively mandating state and local participation in immigration policing where previously there had been significant room for voluntary state and local choice along the cooperation-noncooperation spectrum. In the process, these programs also blur the substantive lines between immigration control and criminal justice.As part of a broader, longer term set of developments concerning technology, surveillance, and information sharing across a range of different policy domains, automated immigration policing constitutes a leading edge in a more basic transformation of immigration enforcement, raising questions analogous to those arising from other forms of technology-based surveillance. Accordingly, I assess automated immigration policing in this context, drawing upon technology-, surveillance-, and privacy-based frameworks to complement and refract the insights of existing immigration scholarship. Finally, I advance principles to inform, guide, and constrain the use of these technologies, urging preservation of zones in society where immigration policing does not take place, restoration of greater scope for state and local choice, and improved transparency, oversight, and accountability in their implementation.