Long-term effects of fertilizer managements on crop yields and organic carbon storage of a typical rice-wheat agroecosystem of China
Long-term effects of fertilizer managements on crop yields and organic carbon storage of a typical rice-wheat agroecosystem of China
复制标题
肥料管理对中国典型稻麦农业生态系统作物产量和有机碳储量的长期影响
DOI：
10.1007/s00374-007-0194-x
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Yin, Shixue
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shen, Ming-Xing;Yang, Lin-Zhang;Yin, Shixue
本文总结了1980年在中国太湖地区进行的一项长期试验的结果，旨在研究稻麦生态系统的产量可持续性、土壤有机碳储量的动态变化和土壤肥力。试验设粪肥处理组和化肥处理组（2个因子）3个重复，每个重复设7个无机氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）和稻草不同组合的亚处理。结果表明，在各施肥处理组中，有机肥（1980 ~ 1996年为猪粪，此后为油菜饼肥）+ N + P + K（MNPK）和化肥+ N + P + K（CNPK）处理的产量最高，最稳定。施钾是生态系统产量可持续的必要条件。稻草（如稻草）+ N（CRN）和粪肥+稻草+ N（MRN）处理水稻产量较稳定，但小麦产量较不稳定。因此，建议仅在稻季使用秸秆。各处理土壤有机碳含量均呈上升趋势，对照处理也不例外。化肥处理地块的预测SOC（大部分尚未达到）范围为16至18 g C kg（-1），表明与初始SOC相比，土壤的高碳（C）固存潜力。粪肥或秸秆处理地块的SOC范围为17至19 g C kg（-1），这是在实验开始后大约10年达到的。养分平衡表结果表明，施磷处理土壤中磷素均存在盈余，且0-15 cm土层Olsen-P含量在24 a内呈稳定上升趋势，但对作物增产贡献不大。因此，建议将磷肥施用量降低到30-40 kg·hm ~（-1）·a ~（-1）。各处理产量比较表明，小麦对磷肥的反应比水稻大。因此，小麦应优先施用磷肥。土壤pH值下降是显着的，在24年的时间内，并没有相关的施肥处理。总的建议是仅在水稻季节以每年4，500 kg ha（-1）的比例加入秸秆，另外每年增加190 kg N ha（-1），主要在水稻季节增加30-40 kg P ha（-1）和150-160 kg K ha（-1）。土壤供磷能力异常的原因有待进一步研究。
The present paper summarizes the results from a long-term experiment setup in 1980 in the Taihu Lake region, China, to address the yield sustainability, the dynamic changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, and soil fertility in the rice-wheat ecosystem. Treatments in three replicates comprising manure-treated and chemical fertilizer-treated groups (two factors), each having seven sub-treatments of different combinations of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and rice straw, were randomly distributed. Results showed that the treatments of manure (pig manure from 1980 to 1996 and oil rape cake thereafter) + N + P + K (MNPK) and chemical fertilizer + N + P + K (CNPK) produced the highest and the most stable yields for both rice and wheat within the respective fertilizer treatment group. Potassium fertilization was necessary for yield sustainability in the ecosystem. Treatments of straw (as rice straw) + N (CRN) and manure + straw + N (MRN) produced more stable yield of rice but less stable of wheat. It was therefore recommended that straw should be only incorporated during the rice season. SOC contents in all treatments showed increasing trends over the period, even in the control treatment. Predicted SOC in chemical fertilizer-treated plots (mostly yet attainable) ranged from 16 to 18 g C kg(-1), indicating the high carbon (C) sequestration potential of the soil as compared to the initial SOC. SOC in manure- or straw-treated plots ranged from 17 to 19 g C kg(-1), which had been attained roughly 10 years after the experiment was initiated. Nutrient balance sheet showed that there was P surplus in all P-treated plots and a steady increase in Olsen-P over a 24-year period in 0-15 cm soil, which contributed little to crop yield increases. It was therefore suggested that P fertilization rate should be decreased to 30-40 kg P ha(-1) year(-1). Comparison of yields among the treatments showed that wheat was more responsive to P fertilizer than rice. Thus P fertilizer should be preferably applied to wheat. Soil pH decrease was significant over the 24-year period and was not correlated with fertilizer treatments. The overall recommendation is to incorporate straw at 4,500 kg ha(-1) year(-1) during the rice season only, with additional 190 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), 30-40 kg P ha(-1) year(-1) mainly during the rice season, and 150-160 kg K ha(-1) year(-1). Further research on the unusual P supply capacity of the soil is needed.