INTRODUCTION: LAND POLITICS IN AFRICA – CONSTITUTING AUTHORITY OVER TERRITORY, PROPERTY AND PERSONS
INTRODUCTION: LAND POLITICS IN AFRICA – CONSTITUTING AUTHORITY OVER TERRITORY, PROPERTY AND PERSONS
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简介：非洲的土地政治——领土、财产和人员的权力构成
作者：
C. Lund;Catherine Boone
土地问题往往不仅仅是土地问题。相反，它们更广泛地涉及财产问题，涉及最广泛意义上的社会和政治关系。因此，争夺财产的斗争可能与权力的范围和结构有关，也与资源的获取有关，土地要求被权力、公民身份和管辖权政治问题紧紧包裹着。我们认为，财产权和公民权之间的这种动态关系，以及界定和裁决这些问题的权力，是国家形成的核心（Boone 2003 a，2007;隆德2008）。Colin和Woodhouse（2010）的编辑特别强调了土地商品化的多个过程以及它们如何嵌入不同的社会关系。这一特定问题的重点是各种各样的交易和市场动态如何产生土地的商品特性。它为波兰尼的《大转型》（1944年）增添了急需的非洲历史和背景上的细微差别，因为科林和伍德豪斯无视任何关于市场是单一的或统一的假设，甚至无视市场以某种方式事先存在的假设。它们展示了市场是如何产生的，是如何构建的，是如何复制的。在某些方面，本系列补充了对市场动态的关注。我们想研究财产、公民身份和政治制度之间的关系，以及它们中的每一个如何在构成其他制度中发挥作用。这一点在土地所有权改革的许多努力中显得尤为重要，因为这些努力往往假定财产、公民身份和国家的存在是独立和固定的。毫无疑问，这种对土地政治的割裂理解是不得要领的。我们不认为这些社会政治特征是单独的或预先确定的
Land issues are often not about land only. Rather, they invoke issues of property more broadly, implicating social and political relationships in the widest sense. Struggles over property may therefore be as much about the scope and structure of authority as about access to resources, with land claims being tightly wrapped in questions of authority, citizenship, and the politics of jurisdiction. This dynamic relationship between property and citizenship rights, on the one hand, and the authority to define and adjudicate these questions are –we believe – central to state formation (Boone 2003a, 2007; Lund 2008).1 In a recent issue of this journal, land markets in Africa receive special attention. The editors, Colin and Woodhouse (2010), give special emphasis to the multiple processes of commoditization of land and how they are embedded in different social relations. That particular issue focuses on how a great variety of transactions and market dynamics generate commodity characteristics in land. It adds much-needed African historical and contextual nuance to Polanyi’s Great Transformation (1944) as Colin and Woodhouse defy any assumption of markets as singular or uniform or even that they somehow exist ex ante. They demonstrate how markets come about, are structured and are reproduced. In some ways, the present collection complements this focus on market dynamics. We want to investigate the relationships between property and citizenship and political institutions, and how each of these plays a role in constituting the others. This seems especially relevant in the light of the many efforts at land tenure reform that tend to assume the separate and settled existence of property, of citizenship, and of the state. Such compartmentalized understandings of land politics will, no doubt, miss the point. We consider none of these socio-political features as separate or pre-established