Combined Influences of Genes, Prenatal Environment, Cortisol, and Parenting on the Development of Children's Internalizing Versus Externalizing Problems
Combined Influences of Genes, Prenatal Environment, Cortisol, and Parenting on the Development of Children's Internalizing Versus Externalizing Problems
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DOI：
10.1007/s10519-014-9689-z
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Leve, Leslie D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marceau, Kristine;Laurent, Heidemarie K.;Leve, Leslie D.
研究表明，遗传、产前、内分泌和父母教养在整个发展过程中的影响分别导致了儿童问题的内化和外化。本研究测试了精神病理遗传风险、产前环境（母亲药物使用和内化症状）、4.5岁儿童皮质醇和童年时期过度反应性父母影响对6岁儿童内化和外化问题的综合贡献。我们使用了一项收养设计的数据，其中包括361名在国内被收养的儿童及其亲生父母和养父母，从出生开始就进行了前瞻性随访。只有父母的影响（独立地）导致了外化问题。然而，遗传影响与内化问题间接相关（通过增加产前风险和随后的早晨皮质醇），父母因素与内化问题直接或间接相关（通过早晨皮质醇）。结果表明，产前母亲药物使用/症状和儿童早上的皮质醇水平是遗传和环境影响儿童内化问题的机制，而不是外化问题。
Research suggests that genetic, prenatal, endocrine, and parenting influences across development individually contribute to internalizing and externalizing problems in children. The present study tests the combined contributions of genetic risk for psychopathology, prenatal environments (maternal drug use and internalizing symptoms), child cortisol at age 4.5 years, and overreactive parenting influences across childhood on 6-year-old children's internalizing and externalizing problems. We used data from an adoption design that included 361 domestically adopted children and their biological and adopted parents prospectively followed from birth. Only parenting influences contributed (independently) to externalizing problems. However, genetic influences were indirectly associated with internalizing problems (through increased prenatal risk and subsequent morning cortisol), and parenting factors were both directly and indirectly associated with internalizing problems (through morning cortisol). Results suggest that prenatal maternal drug use/symptoms and children's morning cortisol levels are mechanisms of genetic and environmental influences on internalizing problems, but not externalizing problems, in childhood.