Improving nitrogen balance with irrigation practice and cropping system
Improving nitrogen balance with irrigation practice and cropping system
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DOI：
10.2489/jswc.74.6.622
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发表时间：
2019-11
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
U. Sainju
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
U. Sainju
基于氮素输入、输出和土壤持留的氮素平衡显示了衡量农业生态系统性能和环境可持续性的氮素流动。一些参数的测量和时间，劳动力和成本的限制的复杂性，导致有限的研究在农业生态系统中的氮平衡。本研究的目的是测量2006 - 2011年在北方大平原灌溉和种植制度的N输入和输出的基础上和土壤N保持的N平衡。处理是两种灌溉措施（灌溉与非灌溉）作为主要地块和五种种植制度（常规耕作大麦[大麦L.]施氮量[CTBN]、不施氮量的常规耕作大麦[CTBO]、免耕大麦豌豆[Pisum sativum L.]试验采用随机区组设计，设3个重复。与其他种植系统相比，总N输入由于N施肥，豌豆N固定，土壤N矿化，大气N沉降，作物种子N，和非共生N固定是15%至64%的NTB-P在灌溉实践和32%至69%，在非灌溉实践。与CTBO和NTBO相比，由于谷物氮去除、反硝化、挥发、植物衰老、氮淋溶、气态氮（NOx）排放和地表径流的总氮输出在灌溉实践中与NTB-P、CTBN和NTBN相比高66%至74%，在非灌溉实践中高46%至53%。0至10 cm深度的氮固存率从灌溉CTBO的6 kg N ha−1 y−1变化到灌溉NTBN和非灌溉NTB-P的37 kg N ha−1 y−1。氮平衡从非灌溉NTBN的−54 kg N ha−1 y−1变化到灌溉NTB-P的30 kg N ha−1 y−1。灌溉NTB-P的N盈余较大，而非灌溉NTB-P的N亏缺较小。磷可以维持农艺性能，因为类似的粮食氮去除，并提高环境的可持续性，因为减少氮损失的环境，同时减少外部N输入，无论灌溉的做法。
Nitrogen (N) balance based on N inputs, outputs, and retention in the soil shows N flows that measure agroecosystem performance and environmental sustainability. Complexity of measurements of some parameters and constraints on time, labor, and cost have resulted in limited studies on N balance in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to measure N balance based on N inputs and outputs and soil N retention in response to irrigation and cropping system from 2006 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains. Treatments were two irrigation practices (irrigated versus nonirrigated) as the main plot and five cropping systems (conventional till barley [Hordeum vulgare L.] with N fertilizer [CTBN], conventional till barley without N fertilizer [CTBO], no-till barley-pea [Pisum sativum L.] with N fertilizer [NTB-P], no-till barley with N fertilizer [NTBN], and no-till barley without N fertilizer [NTBO]) as the split plot treatment arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Compared with other cropping systems, total N input due to N fertilization, pea N fixation, soil N mineralization, atmospheric N deposition, crop seed N, and nonsymbiotic N fixation was 15% to 64% greater with NTB-P in the irrigated practice and 32% to 69% greater in the nonirrigated practice. Compared with CTBO and NTBO, total N output due to grain N removal, denitrification, volatilization, plant senescence, N leaching, gaseous N (NOx) emissions, and surface runoff was 66% to 74% greater with NTB-P, CTBN, and NTBN in the irrigated practice and 46% to 53% greater in the nonirrigated practice. Nitrogen sequestration rate at the 0 to 10 cm depth varied from 6 kg N ha−1 y−1 with irrigated CTBO to 37 kg N ha−1 y−1 with irrigated NTBN and nonirrigated NTB-P. Nitrogen balance ranged from −54 kg N ha−1 y−1 with nonirrigated NTBN to 30 kg N ha−1 y−1 with irrigated NTB-P, with greater N surplus for irrigated NTB-P and lower N deficit for nonirrigated NTB-P. The NTB-P can sustain agronomic performance due to similar grain N removal and enhance environmental sustainability due to decreased N loss to the environment while reducing external N inputs, regardless of irrigation practices.