Quotative Indexes in African Languages: A Synchronic and Diachronic Survey
Quotative Indexes in African Languages: A Synchronic and Diachronic Survey
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非洲语言的引语索引：共时性和历时性调查
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
Tom Güldemann
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作者：
Tom Güldemann
该书代表了跨非洲引用指数的共时性和历时性调查的结果。这些语言表达表明当前对话中存在引用（通常称为“直接报告语音”）。为此，选择了 39 种非洲语言来代表非洲大陆的谱系和地理多样性。该研究主要基于该语言样本，特别是对每种样本语言的文本语料库的引语索引和相关表达进行分析，但也包括来自其他非洲和非非洲语言已发表文献的广泛数据。这是对大量语言中如此大规模的直接报道话语的首次类型学调查。因此，本书可以作为其他地理区域甚至全球范围内类似研究的起点，并激发对特定语言的更详细的研究。非洲调查的结果对有关引语索引和报告的话语结构的几种流行的跨语言概括提出了挑战，其中有两个特别令人感兴趣。在句法领域，报道性话语大多是在所谓的句子互补下处理的，该研究支持少数观点，即直接报道性话语和大部分间接报道性话语几乎没有任何证据表明报道性从句是某个矩阵动词的句法宾语补足语。关于语法化，该研究得出的结论是，与普遍看法相反，言语动词并不是引语、补语和其他相关标记的常见来源。更常见的来源是相似性和方式的标记；等式、初始性和动作的通用动词；以及指代引言或说话者的代词。该研究的另一个更普遍的结论是，特别是直接报告的话语可以作为称为“模仿”的更大语言领域的一部分进行富有成效的分析。这包括通过表演/表演而不是借助“规范”语言符号来代表事态的表达，并且除了报告的话语之外，还包括涉及世界的身体姿势、类似表音的符号和非语言声音。
The book represents the results of a synchronic and diachronic cross-African survey of quotative indexes. These are linguistic expressions that signal in the ongoing discourse the presence of a quote (often called "direct reported speech"). For this purpose, 39 African languages were selected to represent the genealogical and geographical diversity of the continent. The study is based primarily on this language sample, in particular on the analysis of quotative indexes and related expressions from a text corpus of each sample language, but also includes a wide range of data from the published literature on other African as well as non- African languages. It is the first typological investigation of direct reported discourse of this magnitude in a large group of languages. The book may thus serve as a starting point of similar studies in other geographical areas or even with a global scope, as well as stimulate more detailed investigations of particular languages. The results of the African survey challenge several prevailing cross-linguistic generalizations regarding quotative indexes and reported discourse constructions as a whole, of which two are of particular interest. In the syntactic domain, where reported discourse has mostly been dealt with under so- called sentential complementation, the study supports the minority view that direct reported discourse and also a large portion of indirect reported discourse show hardly any evidence for the claim that the reported clause is a syntactic object complement of some matrix verb. With respect to grammaticalization, the work concludes that speech verbs are, against common belief, not a frequent source of quotatives, complementizers, and other related markers. Far more frequent sources are markers of similarity and manner; generic verbs of equation, inchoativity, and action; and pronominals referring to the quote or the speaker. Another more general conclusion of the study is that especially direct reported discourse can be fruitfully analyzed as part of a larger linguistic domain called "mimesis". This comprises expressions which represent a state of affairs by means of enactment/ performance rather than with the help of "canonical" linguistic signs and includes, besides reported discourse, world-referring bodily gestures, ideophone-like signs, and non-linguistic sound.