PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STONEFLIES AND MAYFLIES - BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS
PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STONEFLIES AND MAYFLIES - BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS
复制标题
DOI：
10.2307/1936762
复制
发表时间：
1980-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
PECKARSKY, BL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
PECKARSKY, BL
在2个流进行现场实验，以确定机制，蜉蝣猎物检测和避免石捕食者和量化的石捕食者蜉蝣的行为，分布和活动水平的影响。在美国威斯康星州索克县的水獭溪和美国科罗拉多州甘尼森县的东河，使用带有屏幕端和人工基质的有机玻璃盒，对石蝇和蜉蝣之间的相互作用进行了直接观察。Ephemerella subvaria和Stenonema fuscum，水獭溪，避免了石的捕食者，Acroneuria lycorias，只给予非接触式化学刺激。E.东河的稀有鸟类和双尾蝠对东河的Megarcys signata和Kogotus modestus的远程化学刺激有反应。B。phoebus和Heptagenia hebe，Otter Creek和Cinygmula sp.，东河，没有回应石捕食者给予远程化学线索单独。不同蜉蝣的反应差异可能是由于不同的捕食压力或捕食者逃避策略的有效性。没有一种测试的蜉蝣只对视觉刺激的石首鱼捕食者的存在作出反应。Ephemerella spp.在遇到石蝇时，呈现出蝎子般的展示姿态。这种姿势可能会增加蜉蝣的外观尺寸，然后被触觉捕食者拒绝。该Baetis spp.在与石足类食肉动物接触时，它们通常会游动或漂流。捕食者逃避可以部分解释流漂流报告的蜉蝣属的高发病率。其余的蜉蝣的家庭Heptageniidae表现出有效的爬行逃避接触时，与石的捕食者。E. infrequens和B. bicaudatus差异响应与3种不同的石鲈捕食者在东河接触。这两种蜉蝣都避免与Pteronarcella巴迪亚接触，这是一种大型杂食性石蛾，形态上类似于M。signata，显著低于他们逃避M。signata和K.接触后谦虚。这种分化发生的机制可能是趋化性的。Cinygmula sp.避免所有石蝇平等，无论大小或相对的威胁消费。触觉刺激可能是造成这种行为的原因。
Field experiments were conducted at 2 streams to determine the mechanisms by which mayfly prey detect and avoid stonefly predators and to quantify the effect of stonefly predators upon mayfly behavior, distribution and activity levels. Direct observations of the interactions between stoneflies and mayflies were made at Otter Creek, Sauk County, Wisconsin, USA and the East River, Gunnison County, Colorado, USA, using plexiglass boxes with screen ends and an artificial substrate. Ephemerella subvaria and Stenonema fuscum, Otter Creek, avoided the stonefly predator, Acroneuria lycorias, given only noncontact chemical stimuli. E. infrequens and Baetis bicaudatus, East River, responded to long-range chemical stimuli from Megarcys signata and Kogotus modestus, East River. B. phoebus and Heptagenia hebe, Otter Creek and Cinygmula sp., East River, did not respond to stonefly predators given long-range chemical cues alone. Differences among responses of different mayflies may be due to differential predation pressure or effectiveness of predator evasion tactics. None of the species of mayflies tested responded to the presence of stonefly predators given only visual stimuli. The Ephemerella spp. assumed a scorpion-like display posture upon encounter with the stoneflies. This posture may increase the apparent size of the mayflies, which are then rejected by the tactile predators. The Baetis spp. characteristically swam or drifted in response to contact with the stonefly predators. Predator evasion could partially explain the high incidence of this genus of mayflies reported in stream drift. The remaining mayflies of the family Heptageniidae showed an effective crawling evasion upon contact with stonefly predators. E. infrequens and B. bicaudatus differentially responded to contact with 3 different stonefly predators in the East River. Both species of mayflies evaded contact with Pteronarcella badia, a large omnivorous stonefly which morphologically resembles M. signata, significantly less frequently than they evaded M. signata and K. modestus upon contact. The mechanism by which this differentiation occurs could be chemotactile. Cinygmula sp. avoided all stoneflies equally regardless of size or relative threat of consumption. Tactile stimuli are probably responsible for this behavior.