Semantics and pragmatics of evidentials in Cuzco Quechua
Semantics and pragmatics of evidentials in Cuzco Quechua
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库斯科盖丘亚语证据的语义和语用
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
Martina Faller
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作者：
Martina Faller
本文通过对库斯科克丘亚语（秘鲁库斯科语）中直接语-mi、推测语-ch a和报告语-si三种证据标记语的详细研究，探讨了证据性的语义和语用学。我采用了一个狭义的证据性定义，作为说话人做出言语行为的理由的语言编码，在断言的情况下，这与他或她的信息来源相对应。根据作者收集的数据和已发表的资料，叙述了库斯科·克丘亚语三份证据的意义和缺失情况。证据性研究中的一个核心跨语言问题是它与认知情态的关系。我认为这两个概念是不同的，但又重叠的类别。我表明，库斯科克丘亚语中的证据政治与典型的认知情态不同，因为它们对表达的主要命题没有贡献，永远不会出现在命题操作符（如否定）的范围内，并且只能出现在言外之力承载环境中。此外，直接性和报告性在认识的必要性和可能性方面是不可分析的。相反，推测性也编码认知可能性，因此它被认为是在证据性/认知模态重叠。有人认为，证据强度的证据尺度是可以否定的。针对以前的建议，我认为这只是部分排序，因为推测性证据并不比报告性证据更有力，反之亦然。对于每一对有序的证据，较弱的证据（如报告性证据）会产生较强的证据（如直接证据）无法替代的含义。库斯科克丘亚语证据作为言外修饰语进行分析
This dissertation explores the semantics and pragmatics of evidentiality through a detailed study of three evidential markers in Cuzco Quechua (spoken in Cuzco, Peru), the Direct -mi, the Conjectural -ch a and the Reportative -si. I adopt a narrow de nition of evidentiality as the linguistic encoding of the speaker's grounds for making a speech act, which in the case of assertions corresponds with his or her source of information. The meaning of each of the three Cuzco Quechua evidentials, as well as their absence, is described based on data collected by the author and from published sources. One of the central cross-linguistic questions in the study of evidentiality is how it is related to epistemic modality. I argue that the two concepts are distinct, but overlapping categories. I show that the evidential enclitics in Cuzco Quechua di er from typical epistemic modals in that they do not contribute to the main proposition expressed, can never occur in the scope of propositional operators such as negation, and can only occur in illocutionary force bearing environments. Furthermore, the Direct and the Reportative are not analyzable in terms of epistemic necessity or possibility. In contrast, the Conjectural also encodes epistemic possibility, and it is therefore considered to be in the evidentiality/epistemic modality overlap. It is argued that an evidential scale in terms of strength of evidence can be dened. Against previous proposals, I argue that this is only a partial ordering, since conjectural is not stronger than reportative evidence, or vice versa. For each ordered pair of evidentials the weaker one (e.g. Reportative) gives rise to the implicature that the stronger one (e.g. Direct) could not have been used in its stead. The Cuzco Quechua evidentials are analyzed as illocutionary modi ers which add