A Guide to the Old Stone Blast Furnaces in Western Pennsylvania, Part III-猫眼课题宝

宾夕法尼亚州西部旧石高炉指南，第三部分

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1965

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作者：

M. B. Sharp;W. Thomas

铁是第二丰富的有用金属，从有记录以来就一直被人们所知和使用。除了格陵兰岛西海岸奥维法克的纯铁矿床外，几乎总是与其他元素结合在一起。为了有用，矿石必须被“还原”或分离。这是在冶炼厂或高炉里完成的。第一个金属铁很可能是意外地制成的，要么是闪电击中了某些矿石，要么是因为矿藏上燃烧的柴火。通过这种方式，人们还了解到木头或木炭有助于提炼金属。起初，这是在地下的浅凹陷中完成的；但随着几个世纪的过去，每一代人都增加了更多的知识，我们今天所知的高炉得到了发展。图巴尔-该隐与亚当只隔了七代人，在《圣经》中他被描述为“所有铜器和铁器的指导者。”埃及人、巴比伦人和亚述人都知道并使用铁。他们的文学作品中充满了对它的引用。当凯撒入侵英国时，他发现有人在使用铁钱，但没有发现铁武器。炼铁在英格兰和苏格兰很少见，因为当地人不知道没有木炭就可以冶炼铁。许多个世纪以来，他们一直不赞成制造木炭，因为烧木头来制造木炭耗尽了他们有限的森林。因此，在他们学会用煤或焦炭炼铁之前，他们鼓励从西班牙、瑞典和俄罗斯进口铁。在美国，情况则不同。早期的欧洲定居者在欧洲大陆东部的森林中似乎有无限的木材供应，人们急于拥有

Iron, the second most plentiful of the useful metals, has been known and used since the beginning of recorded time. With the exception A of the deposit of pure iron at Ovifak on the west coast of Greenland, itis almost always found in combination with other elements. To be useful the ore has to be "reduced" or separated. This is done in a smelter or blast furnace. The first metallic iron probably was made accidentally, either by lightning striking some ore or by a wood fire burning on a deposit of ore. In this way men also learned that wood or charcoal helped to refine the metal. At first this was done in shallow depressions in the ground; but, as the centuries passed and each generation added its additional knowledge, the blast furnace, as we know it today, was evolved. Tubal-cain, who was only seven generations removed from Adam, is described in the Bible as "an instructor of all artifices in brass and iron." The Egyptians, Babylonians and Assyrians all knew of and used iron. Their literature is fullof references to it. When Caesar invaded England, he found iron money in use but not iron weapons. Fabricated iron was rare inEngland and Scotland because the natives did not know that iron could be smelted without charcoal. For many centuries they frowned upon its manufacture because the burning of wood to make charcoal exhausted their limited forests. As a result, until they learned to make iron with coal or coke, they encouraged the importation of iron from Spain, Sweden and Russia. In America the situation was different. The early European settlers had seemingly unlimited supplies of wood in the forests in the eastern part of the continent and people were anxious to have the

A Guide to the Old Stone Blast Furnaces in Western Pennsylvania, Part III

宾夕法尼亚州西部旧石高炉指南，第三部分

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