The Invisible Infrastructures of Online Visibility: An Analysis of the Platform-Facing Markup Used by U.S.-Based Digital News Organizations
The Invisible Infrastructures of Online Visibility: An Analysis of the Platform-Facing Markup Used by U.S.-Based Digital News Organizations
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在线可见性的隐形基础设施：美国数字新闻机构使用的面向平台的标记分析
DOI：
10.1080/21670811.2022.2156365
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
McGregor, Susan E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ivancsics, Bernat;Washington, Eve;Yang, Helen;Sidnam-Mauch, Emily;Monroe, Ayana;Francis, Errol;Bonneau, Joseph;Caine, Kelly;McGregor, Susan E.
这项研究分析和比较了美国数字新闻的数字语义基础设施如何根据媒体的某些特征而变化，包括它所服务的社区、它所使用的内容管理系统(CMS)以及它的机构附属关系(或机构附属关系)。通过对新闻媒体在线文本文章中实际标记的多阶段分析，我们揭示了多种因素可能如何限制了专注于服务特定社区的在线媒体机构的发现能力和覆盖范围。从概念上讲，我们将标记和元数据定义为支撑平台在线新闻发布机制的语义基础设施的各个方面。鉴于这些平台在塑造更广泛的新闻内容可见度方面发挥的重要作用，我们进一步认为，这种标记因此构成了一种可见性基础设施，通过它，新闻来源和声音在更广泛的新闻业平台经济中变得可访问--或者相反--看不见。我们通过首先识别数字标记的关键形式来完成分析，这些数字标记的结构化数据旨在使搜索引擎和社交媒体平台更容易地发现在线新闻文章。然后，我们分析了2021年年中从742家全国性、地方性、黑人和其他基于身份的新闻组织的主页面收集的2226个数字新闻故事，并分析每个组织是否存在反映Schema.org、OpenGraph和Twitter元数据结构的特定标签。然后，我们评估受众焦点和这个数字语义基础设施的健壮性之间的关系。虽然我们发现标记和所服务的社区之间只有很弱的关系，但额外的分析显示，这些元数据标签和内容管理系统(CMS)之间的关联要强得多，在这种情况下，对于给定的CMS，文章上出现的80%的属性是相同的，而不考虑出版商、市场或受众的重点。基于这一发现，我们确定了可能影响用于数字出版的特定内容管理的组织特征，从而影响组织部署的数字语义基础设施的健壮性。最后，我们反思了我们观察到的高度不同的标签使用的潜在影响，特别是关于旨在服务于特定美国社区的在线新闻的更广泛的可见度。
This study analyzes and compares how the digital semantic infrastructure of U.S. based digital news varies according to certain characteristics of the media outlet, including the community it serves, the content management system (CMS) it uses, and its institutional affiliation (or lack thereof). Through a multi-stage analysis of the actual markup found on news outlets’ online text articles, we reveal how multiple factors may be limiting the discoverability and reach of online media organizations focused on serving specific communities. Conceptually, we identify markup and metadata as aspects of the semantic infrastructure underpinning platforms’ mechanisms of distributing online news. Given the significant role that these platforms play in shaping the broader visibility of news content, we further contend that this markup therefore constitutes a kind of infrastructure of visibility by which news sources and voices are rendered accessible—or, conversely—invisible in the wider platform economy of journalism. We accomplish our analysis by first identifying key forms of digital markup whose structured data is designed to make online news articles more readily discoverable by search engines and social media platforms. We then analyze 2,226 digital news stories gathered from the main pages of 742 national, local, Black, and other identity-based news organizations in mid-2021, and analyze each for the presence of specific tags reflecting the Schema.org, OpenGraph, and Twitter metadata structures. We then evaluate the relationship between audience focus and the robustness of this digital semantic infrastructure. While we find only a weak relationship between the markup and the community served, additional analysis revealed a much stronger association between these metadata tags and content management system (CMS), in which 80% of the attributes appearing on an article were the same for a given CMS, regardless of publisher, market, or audience focus. Based on this finding, we identify the organizational characteristics that may influence the specific CMS used for digital publishing, and, therefore, the robustness of the digital semantic infrastructure deployed by the organization. Finally, we reflect on the potential implications of the highly disparate tag use we observe, particularly with respect to the broader visibility of online news designed to serve particular US communities.
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1093/oso/9780190655860.001.0001
发表时间：
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