Cigarette affordability trends: an update and some methodological comments
Cigarette affordability trends: an update and some methodological comments
复制标题
DOI：
10.1136/tc.2008.026682
复制
发表时间：
2009-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
van Walbeek, C. P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blecher, E. H.;van Walbeek, C. P.
目的：为了计算香烟负担能力的一些国家使用不同的技术和数据，调查自1990年以来的趋势，并评估适当的不同措施的affiliations.Design：两个现有的措施进行了说明。相对收入价格（RIP）使用人均国内生产总值（GDP）作为收入的衡量标准，而“劳动分钟数”则基于瑞士联合银行（UBS）的收入调查。计算了29个高收入国家和23个低收入和中等收入国家的“劳动时间”指标。结果：在高收入国家，香烟的价格比低收入和中等收入国家要便宜得多，但自1990年以来，香烟的价格越来越低。在低收入和中等收入国家中，自1990年以来，香烟变得更便宜，自2000年以来，速度越来越快。自1990年以来，在34个国家中，香烟价格下降的国家有33个国家的真实的价格上升。在37个国家中，香烟价格变得更便宜的20个国家的真实的价格下降了。在衡量低收入和中等收入国家的负担能力时，最适当的是采用广义的收入衡量标准，如人均国内生产总值。对于高收入国家，收入措施的选择并不重要。结论：在国际比较中，香烟价格不仅应被视为在货币方面，但也在他们的负担能力。快速增长的国家面临着更大的烟草控制挑战，因为收入的增加增加了卷烟的可负担性。在大多数低收入和中等收入国家，香烟越来越便宜，这是烟草控制的一个重大失败。
Objectives: To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability.Design: Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is based on a Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) survey of earnings.Subjects: RIP (1990-2006) is calculated for 32 high-income and 45 low-income and middle-income countries. The "minutes of labour" measure is calculated for 29 high-income and 23 low-income and middle-income countries.Results: In high-income countries cigarettes are significantly more affordable than in low-income and middle-income countries, but have become less affordable since 1990. Among low-income and middle-income countries, cigarettes have become more affordable since 1990 and at an increasingly rapid rate since 2000. In 33 of 34 countries where cigarette affordability decreased since 1990, the real price increased. In 20 of 37 countries where cigarettes became more affordable, real price decreased. When measuring affordability in low-income and middle-income countries, a broad income measure, such as per capita GDP, is most appropriate. For high-income countries, the choice of income measure is not important.Conclusions: In international comparisons, cigarette prices should not only be viewed in monetary terms but also in terms of their affordability. Fast-growing countries face greater tobacco control challenges since rising incomes increase the affordability of cigarettes. The fact that cigarettes have become increasingly affordable in a majority of low-income and middle-income countries is a major tobacco control failure.