The evolution of hard coal trade in the Atlantic market
The evolution of hard coal trade in the Atlantic market
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大西洋市场硬煤贸易的演变
DOI：
10.1016/j.enpol.2004.11.008
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
9
通讯作者：
M. DuChene
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rudianto Ekawan;M. DuChene
本文分析了从20世纪80年代到2002年底，被称为大西洋市场的西欧硬煤贸易的演变。它考察了贸易模式的发展、合同的性质、价格设定、供求关系和贸易的未来。该地区的需求在过去一直支撑着动力煤。2002年，动力煤进口量为155.0吨，焦煤进口量为43.2吨。市场正在向完善的市场发展：透明、操作简单。煤炭现货市场使这笔交易符合当前的市场形势。从历史上看，长期合同是常见的，是生产者和消费者之间签订的。最近，仍有年度合同，但交易数量较少。现货市场的份额从1983年的14%上升到2003年的80%。此前，南非和美国的报价都提到了煤炭价格结算。现在，现货价格指数在定价中已变得重要。不断增长的电力需求、储备条件和市场体系的优势为未来几年的煤炭需求打开了机遇。然而，这些机会并不是没有问题。减少环境影响的需求和为投资寻求资金的努力是需要解决的一些挑战。
This article analyses the evolution of hard coal trade in West-Europe, known as the Atlantic market, from the 1980s to the end of 2002. It investigates the development of trade pattern, nature of contracts, price setting, supply–demand and the future of trade. The region's demand has underpinned steam coal in the recent past. In 2002, steam coal imports reached 155.0Mt, while coking coal imports were 43.2Mt. The market is progressing to become a perfect market: transparent and simple in operation. The spot market for coal has made the transaction bring into line the current market situations. Historically, long-term contracts were usual and concluded between producer and consumer. Recently, there are still annual contracts, but with a small number of deals. The percentage of spot market has risen from 14% in 1983 to 80% in 2003. Previously, coal price settlement was referenced by South Africa's and the US’ offers. Now, spot price indices have become important in price setting. The increasing power needs, the advantages of reserves conditions and market systems open the opportunities for coal demand in the forthcoming years. However, these opportunities are not without problems. The demand for reducing environmental impacts and the efforts for seeking capital to fund the investment are some of the challenges to be addressed.