Airborne particulate matter in school classrooms of northern Italy.
Airborne particulate matter in school classrooms of northern Italy.
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意大利北部学校教室中的空中颗粒物。
DOI：
10.3390/ijerph110201398
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发表时间：
2014-01-27
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cavallo DM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rovelli S;Cattaneo A;Nuzzi CP;Spinazzè A;Piazza S;Carrer P;Cavallo DM
对米兰七所学校的室内颗粒物(PM)进行了测量，以确定它们在教室中的浓度水平，将测量的浓度与建议的指导值进行比较，并根据意大利卫生部为减少暴露在不良空气污染物中而制定的指南，对干预措施的有效性进行了初步评估。室内采样从周一上午到周五下午在每所学校的三个教室进行，并在2011-2012年和2012-2013年冬季重复进行。同时，还在室外采集了PM2.5样本。使用两个不同的光度计来收集PM的连续数据，并使用同步的重力式PM2.5测量对这些数据进行事后校正。此外，还监测了二氧化碳(CO2)浓度，并用来确定教室内的空气交换率。结果显示，学校环境中的室内空气质量很差。在一些情况下，PM2.5和PM10的24小时浓度超过了世界卫生组织(世卫组织)制定的24小时指导值。此外，室内二氧化碳水平经常超过二氧化碳ASHRAE标准。我们的发现证实，重要的室内污染源(人类活动、个人云、清洁活动)会释放出粗颗粒物，显著增加学校时间测得的PM。总体而言，室内PM2.5的平均浓度低于室外PM2.5的平均浓度，I/O比一般为<；1。细颗粒物受室内污染源的影响较小，对PM1-2.5的影响较大。据估计，超过一半的室内细颗粒物来自室外。初步估计，降低室内颗粒物水平的干预措施似乎对室内细颗粒物浓度没有显著影响。相反，频繁打开门窗似乎大大有助于降低室内平均二氧化碳水平。
Indoor size-fractioned particulate matter (PM) was measured in seven schools in Milan, to characterize their concentration levels in classrooms, compare the measured concentrations with the recommended guideline values, and provide a preliminary assessment of the efficacy of the intervention measures, based on the guidelines developed by the Italian Ministry of Healthand applied to mitigate exposure to undesirable air pollutants. Indoor sampling was performed from Monday morning to Friday afternoon in three classrooms of each school and was repeated in winter 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. Simultaneously, PM2.5 samples were also collected outdoors. Two different photometers were used to collect the PM continuous data, which were corrected a posteriori using simultaneous gravimetric PM2.5 measurements. Furthermore, the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) were monitored and used to determine the Air Exchange Rates in the classrooms. The results revealed poor IAQ in the school environment. In several cases, the PM2.5 and PM10 24 h concentrations exceeded the 24 h guideline values established by the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, the indoor CO2 levels often surpassed the CO2 ASHRAE Standard. Our findings confirmed that important indoor sources (human movements, personal clouds, cleaning activities) emitted coarse particles, markedly increasing the measured PM during school hours. In general, the mean PM2.5 indoor concentrations were lower than the average outdoor PM2.5 levels, with I/O ratios generally <1. Fine PM was less affected by indoor sources, exerting a major impact on the PM1–2.5 fraction. Over half of the indoor fine particles were estimated to originate from outdoors. To a first approximation, the intervention proposed to reduce indoor particle levels did not seem to significantly influence the indoor fine PM concentrations. Conversely, the frequent opening of doors and windows appeared to significantly contribute to the reduction of the average indoor CO2 levels.
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影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Branis, M;Rezácová, P;Domasová, M
通讯作者：
Domasová, M
影响因子：
5
作者：
Fromme, H.;Diemer, J.;Twardella, D.
通讯作者：
Twardella, D.
DOI：
10.1034/j.1600-0668.2001.011001035.x
发表时间：
2001-03-01
期刊：
INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE
影响因子：
--
作者：
Luoma, M;Batterman, SA
通讯作者：
Batterman, SA
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Avigo, Devanir, Jr.;Godoi, Ana F. L.;Godoi, Ricardo H. M.
通讯作者：
Godoi, Ricardo H. M.
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Bluyssen, Philomena M.;Janssen, Sabine;de Kluizenaar, Yvonne
通讯作者：
de Kluizenaar, Yvonne