Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry: Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalizaztion
Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry: Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalizaztion
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科学和工业的替代途径：全球化时代的行动主义、创新和环境
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
D. Hess
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作者：
D. Hess
在《科学与工业中的替代路径》中，大卫·赫斯研究了社会运动及其他形式的行动主义如何影响科学、技术和工业领域的创新。综合并拓展了科学技术的社会研究、社会运动以及全球化方面的研究成果，赫斯探讨了基层环境行动与主流工业的相互作用，并提供了一个理解这种相互作用的概念框架。赫斯提出了一种科技变革理论，该理论考虑了工业和基层消费者在设定科学技术研究议程中所起的作用，并且他确定了社会运动能够影响科技创新的“替代路径”。他分析了其中四条路径：针对特定技术的产业反对运动（如反对核能的运动）；以技术和产品为导向的运动，这类运动推动替代方案（如有机食品运动）；地方主义，它促进地方所有权（如“购买本地产品”运动）；以及获取路径，它支持更公平的资源分配。在每条路径中，赫斯研究了五个不同领域的改革：农业、能源、废弃物与制造业、基础设施以及金融。本书的理论论证和实证证据展示了（基层创新的）融合以及（替代所有权结构和替代产品自身的）转变的复杂模式，这种模式是工业与行动主义之间关系的特征。赫斯对变革的替代路径的分析为经济组织在二十一世纪如何转向更公正和可持续的道路提供了思路。
In Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry, David Hess examines how social movements and other forms of activism affect innovation in science, technology, and industry. Synthesizing and extending work in social studies of science and technology, social movements, and globalization, Hess explores the interaction of grassroots environmental action and mainstream industry and offers a conceptual framework for understanding it.Hess proposes a theory of scientific and technological change that considers the roles that both industry and grassroots consumers play in setting the research agenda in science and technology, and he identifies "alternative pathways" by which social movements can influence scientific and technological innovation. He analyzes four of these pathways: industrial opposition movements, organized against targeted technologies (as in the campaign against nuclear energy); technology- and product-oriented movements, which press for alternatives (as does the organic food movement); localism, which promotes local ownership (as in "buy-local" campaigns); and access pathways, which support a more equitable distribution of resources. Within each pathway, Hess examines reforms in five different areas: agriculture, energy, waste and manufacturing, infrastructure, and finance. The book's theoretical argument and empirical evidence demonstrate the complex pattern of incorporation (of grassroots innovations) and transformation (of alternative ownership structures and the alternative products themselves) that has characterized the relationship of industry and activism. Hess's analysis of alternative pathways to change suggests ways economic organizations could shift to a more just and sustainable course in the twenty-first century.