The DRD4 Gene and Severity of Tics and Comorbid Symptoms: Main Effects and Interactions with Delivery Complications
The DRD4 Gene and Severity of Tics and Comorbid Symptoms: Main Effects and Interactions with Delivery Complications
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DOI：
10.1002/mds.23122
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发表时间：
2010-07-30
影响因子：
8.6
通讯作者：
Hoekstra, Pieter J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bos-Veneman, Netty G. P.;Minderaa, Ruud B.;Hoekstra, Pieter J.
在这项研究中，我们研究了多巴胺受体D4 (DRD4) 48碱基对（bp）可变串联重复数（VNTR）和围产期逆境对抽动障碍儿童抽动严重程度和合并症的作用。我们对110名抽搐儿童进行了48 bp VNTR基因分型，并通过父母问卷评估了产前吸烟暴露、妊娠和分娩并发症的存在。我们检查了2、3、4和7个重复(R)等位基因与抽搐的严重程度以及共病的强迫症、抑郁、焦虑和自闭症症状之间的关系。通过线性回归，我们研究了围产期逆境和2R、3R、4R和7R等位基因是否会与抽动症的严重程度评分或合并症症状相互作用。2R等位基因的存在与更严重的强迫症状有关，3R等位基因的存在与自闭症特征的严重程度增加有关。妊娠并发症与强迫症状严重程度降低有关，而产前吸烟暴露与更严重的抑郁和自闭症症状有关。在没有3R等位基因的儿童中，分娩并发症与更严重的抽搐有关，但在3R变异的儿童中，分娩并发症与抽搐严重程度呈反比关系。此外，分娩并发症与内化症状严重程度之间的关系在携带2R等位基因的儿童中最为明显。总之，本研究为48bp VNTR在抽动症和相关疾病的病因学中的作用，以及在抽动症的严重程度和同时发生的内化症状方面与分娩并发症的相互作用提供了证据。(C) 2010运动障碍学会
In this study, we investigated the role of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 48-base pairs (bp) variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and perinatal adversities regarding severity of tics and comorbid symptoms in children with tic disorders. We genotyped 110 children with tics with regard to the 48-bp VNTR and assessed presence of prenatal smoking exposure, and pregnancy and delivery complications by parent questionnaires. We examined associations between 2, 3, 4, and 7 repeat (R) alleles and severity of tics and comorbid obsessive-compulsive, depressive, anxious, and autistic symptoms. Through linear regressions, we investigated whether perinatal adversities and the 2R, 3R, 4R, and 7R alleles would interact with severity ratings of tics or comorbid symptoms as outcome. Presence of a 2R allele was related to more severe obsessive compulsive symptoms, and presence of a 3R allele to increased severity of autistic features. Pregnancy complications were associated with decreased obsessive compulsive symptom severity, and prenatal smoking exposure to more severe depressive and autistic symptoms. In children without a 3R allele delivery complications were associated with more severe tics, but in children with a 3R variant an inverse relation between delivery complications and tic severity was found. Moreover, the relation between delivery complications and internalizing symptom severity appeared to be most pronounced in children with a 2R allele. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for a role of the 48-bp VNTR in the etiology of tic and associated disorders, and for interactions with delivery complications regarding severity of tics and co-occurring internalizing symptoms. (C) 2010 Movement Disorder Society