Cognition in the wild: understanding animal thought in its natural context
Cognition in the wild: understanding animal thought in its natural context
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野外认知：在自然环境中理解动物思维
DOI：
10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101210
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Slocombe, Katie E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rosati, Alexandra G;Machanda, Zarin P;Slocombe, Katie E
为什么要在野外研究认知？长期以来，对非人类认知的比较视角一直是回答有关思维如何运作的问题的重要途径，有时以动物作为人类思维不同方面的模型，有时则关注不同物种的不同认知过程。然而，迄今为止，比较认知的研究绝大多数涉及基于实验室的探究。虽然这种封闭环境可以实现梳理行为背后机制所需的控制，但它们在几个关键方面也受到限制。特别是，理解认知需要研究它在现实世界中的运作方式——这可能是混乱、复杂和令人困惑的。虽然在自然环境中研究认知可能具有挑战性，但此类数据对于充分理解非人类思想的广度和深度以及它如何影响现实世界的行为至关重要。因此，将认知置于野外（它进化的背景）中对于理解这些特征的功能是必要的。鉴于在野外研究认知对于解决认知在现实世界中如何运作及其进化功能的基本问题的价值，为什么与圈养研究相比，它在历史上很少见？这也许很容易回答：野外认知研究的开展可能极具挑战性[1-3]！实验操作通常被视为推断潜在认知机制的关键技术，但在野生种群中具有挑战性，并且通常排在对动物自然行为的观察之后。圈养动物认知研究中常用的一些方法（例如在不受群体干扰的情况下测试个体、引入新颖的设备或提供食物）很难在许多野生种群中实施。在等待自由放养个体的适当空间星座或必要的社会或生态背景发生方面，收集现场实验数据也可能非常缓慢。相关的行为背景，例如与捕食者的遭遇，可能很少发生，因此必须注意不要人为地提高遭遇率，这样可能需要长时间的实验间隔。最后，实验操作可能具有必须考虑的复杂伦理影响，因为它们可能以意想不到的方式影响动物的行为。
Why study cognition in the wild? Comparative perspectives on cognition from nonhumans have long been an important avenue for answering questions about how the mind works, sometimes with animals standing in as models for different aspects of human thought, and sometimes with a focus on the diverse cognitive processes of different species. Yet, research in comparative cognition has to date overwhelmingly involved inquiry based in laboratories. While such captive contexts can allow for the control needed to tease apart the mechanisms underlying behavior, they are also limited in several crucial ways. In particular, understanding cognition requires examining how it works in the real world—which can be messy, complex, and confusing. While cognition may be challenging to study in natural contexts, such data are crucial to fully understand the breadth and depth of nonhuman thought and how it contributes to real-world behavior. Situating cognition in the wild—the context in which it evolved—is therefore necessary to understand the function of these traits.Given the value of studying cognition in the wild for addressing fundamental questions about how cognition works in the real world as well as its evolved function, why has it historically been rare compared with captive studies? This is perhaps easy to answer: studies of cognition in the wild can be extremely challenging to carry out [1–3]! Experimental manipulations, generally seen as a crucial technique to infer underlying cognitive mechanisms, are challenging in wild populations and have generally taken the backseat to observations of animals’ natural behavior. Some methods commonly used in captive studies of animal cognition—such as testing individuals without interference from their group, introducing novel apparatuses, or providing food treats—are difficult to implement with many wild populations. Collecting field experimental data may also be arduously slow in terms of waiting for the appropriate spatial constellation of freeranging individuals or the necessary social or ecological context to occur. Relevant behavioral contexts, such as encounters with predators, may occur only rarely, and thus care must be taken not to artificially elevate encounter rates, such that long periods in-between experiments may be needed. Finally, experimental manipulations may have complex ethical implications that must be considered, as they can impact the animals’ behavior in unexpected ways.
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