The Significance of Zoochromes
The Significance of Zoochromes
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动物色素的意义
DOI:
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发表时间:
1974
期刊:
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
A. E. Needham
中科院分区:
文献类型:
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作者:
A. E. Needham
I. General.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Basis and Significance of Colour in Molecules.- 2.1 Physical Basis of Colour.- 2.2 The Electronic Basis of Colour.- 2.3 Other Optical Properties of Biochromes.- 2.3.1 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.- 2.3.2 Dichromatism or Dichroism.- 2.3.3 Other Relevant Properties.- 2.4 Conclusion.- II. The Nature and Distribution of Zoochromes.- 3 The Chemical Classes of Zoochrome.- 3.1 Chromoproteins and Other Conjugates.- 3.2 Carotenoids.- 3.2.1 Properties.- 3.3 Fuscins.- 3.4 Chroman Biochromes.- 3.4.1 Flavonoids.- 3.5 Ternary Quinones.- 3.5.1 Properties.- 3.6 Metalloproteins.- 3.6.1 Copper Proteins.- 3.6.2 Iron Proteins.- 3.7 Pyrrolic Zoochromes.- 3.7.1 Properties.- 3.8 Indolic Zoochromes.- 3.8.1 Indigotins.- 3.8.2 Other Indolic Oligomeric Chromes.- 3.8.3 Indolic Melanins.- 3.8.4 Other Zoochromes of the Indolic Melanin Pathway.- 3.9 Ommochromes (Phenoxazones) and Related Bio-chromes.- 3.9.1 Properties.- 3.9.2 Other Zoochromes of the Kynurenine Pathway.- 3.10 Other N-heterocyclic Zoochromes: Purines, Pterins and Flavins (Isoalloxazines).- 3.10.1 Purines.- 3.10.2 Pterins.- 3.10.3 Flavins (Isoalloxazines).- 3.11 Other Zoochromes.- 3.12 Zoochromes in Relation to pH.- 3.13 Conclusion.- 4 The Taxonomic Distribution of Zoochromes.- 4.1 Distribution between Animals and Plants.- 4.2 Distribution between the Phyla and Classes of Animals.- 4.2.1 Conclusion.- 4.3 Distribution in the More Obsure Phyla and Classes.- 4.3.1 Conclusion.- 4.4 Distribution between Lower Taxonomic Units.- 4.5 Conclusion.- 5 Distribution and State of Zoochromes in the Body.- 5.1 Distribution of Zoochromes between Organs, Tissues and Fluids of the Body.- 5.1.1-5.1.16 Individual Organs, etc.- 5.1.17 Conclusion.- 5.2 The Location of Chromes within Organs and Tissues.- 5.2.1 Conclusion.- 5.3 The Location and State of Zoochromes within Cells.- 5.3.1 The Chromasome.- 5.3.2 Protozoan Chromes.- 5.3.3 State of Zoochromes in Storage and Scavenging Cells.- 5.3.4 Conclusion.- 5.4 Biochromes and the Solid State.- 5.5 The Stability of Zoochromes.- 5.6 General Conclusion.- III. Physiological Functions of Zoochromes.- 6 The Functions of Integumental Zoochromes.- 6.1 Integumental Colour-Change.- 6.1.1 Chromogenic Change.- 6.1.2 Chromomotor Colour-Change.- 6.1.3 The Mechanism of Chromomotor and Chromogenic Responses.- 6.1.3.1 Primary Responses.- 6.1.3.2 Secondary Responses.- 6.1.3.3 The Response-Mechanism as a Whole.- 6.2 Other Functions of Integumental Chromes.- 6.2.1 Protection against Radiation.- 6.2.2 Mechanical Protection.- 6.2.3 Chemical Defence.- 6.2.4 Thermal Regulation.- 6.3 Conclusion.- 7 Zoochromes and Sensory Perception.- 7.1 Light Perception.- 7.2 Colour Vision.- 7.3 Other Zoochromes of the Retina.- 7.4 Simple Photoperceptors.- 7.5 Zoochromes of Other Perceptor Organs.- 7.6 Conclusion.- IV. Biochemical Functions of Zoochromes.- 8 Oxidation-Reduction Functions of Zoochromes.- 8.1 The Biochromes of the Standard Respiratory Pathways.- 8.1.1 The Molecular Basis of the Action of Respiratory Chromoproteins.- 8.2 Other Redox Reactions Catalysed by Chromoprotein Enzymes.- 8.3 Redox Functions of Other Zoochromes.- 8.4 Photochemical Redox Catalysis by Zoochromes.- 8.5 Biochromes and Bioluminescence.- 8.6 Redox Zoochromes that are Vitamins.- 8.7 Conclusion.- 9 Zoochromes that Transport Oxygen.- 9.1 Physiological Properties of Oxygen-transport-Zoo-chromes.- 9.1.1 Haemoglobins.- 9.1.2 Haemerythrins.- 9.1.3 Haemocyanins.- 9.2 The Molecular Basis of O2-Transport.- 9.2.1 Haemoglobins.- 9.2.2 Haemerythrins.- 9.2.3 Haemocyanins.- 9.2.4 Comparison between the Classes of Oxygen-carriers.- 9.3 Other Metalloproteins and Oxygen-transport.- 9.4 Conclusion.- 10 Zoochromes in Other Aspects of Metabolism.- 10.1 Zoochromes and Digestive Fluids.- 10.2 Zoochromes as End-products of Metabolism.- 10.3 Conclusion.- 11 Pathological States Involving Zoochromes.- 11.1 The Destruction of Zoochromes by Light.- 11.2 Photodynamic Actions of Biochromes.- 11.3 Qualitative Chromopathies.- 11.4 Deficiency and Excess of Dietary Chromes.- 11.5 Deficiency and Excess of Endogenous Chromes.- 11.6 Parasitism and Zoochromes.- 11.7 Conclusion.- V. The Significance of Zoochromes for Reproduction and Development.- 12 Zoochromes in Reproduction and Development.- 12.1 Reproduction.- 12.1.1 Chromes of the Reproductive Organs.- 12.1.2 Integumental Chromes.- 12.1.3 Pubertal and Seasonal Changes.- 12.1.4 Reproductive Metabolism.- 12.1.5 Control of Reproduction.- 12.1.6 Conclusion.- 12.2 Zoochromes in the Ontogenesis of Animals.- 12.2.1 Effects of the Classes of Biochrome on Embryogenesis.- 12.2.2 Pigment Formation by the Embryo.- 12.2.3 Chromogenic Changes during Metamorphosis.- 12.2.4 Conclusion.- VI. Evidence from Chromogenesis in the Individual.- 13 The Evidence from Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.1 Known Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.1.1 Carotenoids.- 13.1.2 Chromones and Flavonoids.- 13.1.3 Ternary Quinones.- 13.1.4 Porphyrins.- 13.1.5 Indolic Melanins.- 13.1.6 Ommochromes.- 13.1.7 Purines, Pterins and Isoalloxazines.- 13.2 Adaptive Features of Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.2.1 The Primality of Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.2.2 Sophistication of Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.2.3 Economy in Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.2.4 Chromogenic Pathways in the Different Taxa.- 13.3 Interrelationships between Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.3.1 General Similarities between Chromogenic Pathways.- 13.3.2 Paths Beginning in a Common Precursor.- 13.3.3 Connections between Pathways.- 13.3.4 Convergence between Pathways.- 13.3.5 Interaction between Members of Different Chromogenic Paths.- 13.3.6 Biochromes Acting as Coenzymes in Chromogenic Paths.- 13.4 Conclusion.- 14 Evidence from the Control of the Supply of Biochromes.- 14.1 Uptake and Handling of Exogenous Chromes.- 14.1.1 Carotenoids.- 14.1.2 Other Exogenous Zoochromes.- 14.1.3 Chromes Acquired Both Exogenously and Endogenously.- 14.1.4 Conclusion.- 14.2 The Control of Chromogenesis.- 14.2.1 Feedback Control of Chromogenesis.- 14.2.2 The Systemic Control of Haem-Synthesis.- 14.2.3 The Control of Phase-coloration in Insects.- 14.2.4 The Control of Exogenous Integumental Chromes.- 14.2.5 The Indirectness of Chromogenic Controls.- 14.2.6 The Chain of Intermediation in Chromogenic Controls.- 14.2.7 Conclusion.- 15 The Development of Integumental Colour-Patterns.- 16 The Genetic Basis of Chromogenesis.- 16.1 Genetic Colour-Polymorphism.- 16.2 General Properties of Chromogenic Mutants.- 16.3 The Alleles at Individual Loci.- 16.4 Alleles at Chromoprotein Loci.- 16.5 The Number and Types of Chromogenic Loci.- 16.6 Interactions between Chromogenic Loci.- 16.7 Chromogenes and Taxonomy.- 16.8 Conclusion.- VII. Evolutionary Evidence and General Assessment.- 17 Zoochromes and Evolution.- 17.1 Fossil Zoochromes.- 17.2 Prebiological Evolution of Organic Chromes.- 17.3 Chromes and the First Discrete Organisms.- 17.4 The Evolution of Chromes in Animals.- 17.5 Conclusion.- 18 General Assessment.- 18.1 Outstanding Adaptations of Zoochromes.- 18.2 Chromatological Problems.- 18.2.1 Problems Concerning Specific Classes of Inte-gumental Chrome.- 18.2.2 Problems Concerning Chromes Other than those of the Integument.- 18.3 Unidentified Zoochromes.- 18.4 Conclusion.- Subject and Systematic Index.