Geographic variation in tool use on Neesia fruits in orangutans.
Geographic variation in tool use on Neesia fruits in orangutans.
复制标题
猩猩对 Neesia 果实使用工具的地理差异。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
C. Knott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Schaik;C. Knott
存在熟练行为的地理差异可能反映了遗传倾向或生态条件的地理差异（在发展过程中伴随着可靠的表达），或者它可能反映了发明的变幻莫测和持续存在的适当社会条件。在这项研究中，我们比较了苏门答腊岛的Suaq Balimbing和婆罗洲的Gunung Palung猩猩从Neesia果实中提取营养种子的摄食技术和工具使用技能，并绘制了苏门答腊沼泽中Neesia工具使用的分布图。我们表明，遗传学和生态学都不足以解释这种工具使用的分布，证实了早先在黑猩猩身上的发现。我们的结论是，学习使用工具的能力决定了地理分布。将发明的历史和作为因果因素的社会传播条件区分开来是不可能的，但Suaq Balimbing的高密度和社会宽容为这项技术一旦被发明出来就作为一种传统保持下去创造了有利的条件。在其他使用Neesia工具的苏门答腊沿海沼泽中，猩猩的高密度支持了这样的结论，即适当的传播条件是解释诸如进食工具使用等技能的地理分布的关键因素。
Geographic variation in the presence of skilled behavior may reflect geographic variation in genetic predispositions or ecological conditions (accompanied by reliable expression during development), or it may reflect the vagaries of invention and the appropriate social conditions for persistence. In this study, we compare the feeding techniques and tool-using skills used by orangutans to extract the nutritious seeds from Neesia fruits between Suaq Balimbing on Sumatra and Gunung Palung on Borneo, and map the distribution of Neesia tool use in Sumatran swamps. We show that neither genetics nor ecology is sufficient to explain the distribution of this tool use, confirming earlier findings on chimpanzees. We conclude that the ability to learn to use tools determines the geographic distribution. It is impossible to distinguish between the history of invention and the conditions for social transmission as the causal factors, but the high density and the social tolerance at Suaq Balimbing create propitious conditions for the maintenance of the skill as a tradition once it has been invented. High orangutan densities in the other Sumatran coastal swamps with Neesia tool use support the conclusion that suitable transmission conditions are the critical factor to explain the geographic distribution of skills such as feeding tool use.