Climate-Smart Agriculture and Trade-Offs With Biodiversity and Crop Yield
Climate-Smart Agriculture and Trade-Offs With Biodiversity and Crop Yield
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DOI：
10.3389/fsufs.2022.868870
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发表时间：
2022-06
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通讯作者：
Hemant G. Tripathi;W. Kunin;H. Smith;S. Sallu;S. Maurice;Suzan D. Machera;Rhiannon Davies;Mosha Florence;S. Eze;J. H. G. Yamdeu;S. Sait
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作者：
Hemant G. Tripathi;W. Kunin;H. Smith;S. Sallu;S. Maurice;Suzan D. Machera;Rhiannon Davies;Mosha Florence;S. Eze;J. H. G. Yamdeu;S. Sait
对气候智能型农业的生物物理评估往往忽视与生物多样性和生态系统服务的潜在相互作用和影响，而生物多样性和生态系统服务是粮食系统复原力和可持续性的重要决定因素。借鉴在坦桑尼亚东乌桑巴拉山脉的案例研究，我们比较了CSA与其他农业管理措施对无脊椎动物害虫和天敌多样性的影响，以及对作物损害和作物产量的相关影响。我们发现，在该地区最常见的CSA的做法，梯田和开沟与生活和堆肥覆盖，提供了最好的结果，作物生产，害虫抑制和农业收入。然而，更大的害虫多样性观察时，邻近的领域种植改良的作物品种，这表明农民使用改良品种创建使用当地品种的邻近农民之间的害虫损害的脆弱性增加。此外，更大的天敌多样性时，发现相邻领域的间作或休耕突出生态系统服务的空间流领域之间。土地覆被异质性与害虫多样性呈正相关，而土地覆被丰富度与较高的害虫量呈正相关，突出了景观特征在害虫和天敌动态中的重要性。最后，我们发现，当害虫群落的物种丰富度较低时，作物损失最为严重，这表明少数关键作物害虫导致了大部分产量损失。我们的研究结果表明，这些不同的农业管理措施的组合导致异质性生物多样性的结果和权衡，并强调当地管理，邻里效应和景观特征的重要性。因此，CSA评价必须超越生产力作为衡量成功的标准，因为与无脊椎动物生物多样性，粮食生产和环境可持续性的权衡往往以复杂和意想不到的方式相互作用和反馈。
Biophysical evaluations of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) often overlook the potential interactions with and implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services, which are important determinants of food system resilience and sustainability. Drawing on a case study in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, we compare the impacts of CSA with other agricultural management practices on invertebrate pest and natural enemy diversity, and the associated effects on crop damage and crop yield. We found that the most common CSA practices in the region, terracing and trenching with live and compost mulches, provided the best outcomes for crop production, pest suppression and agricultural income. However, greater diversity of pests was observed when neighboring fields planted improved crop varieties, suggesting that the use of improved varieties by farmers creates increased vulnerability to pest damage among neighboring farmers that used local varieties. Also, greater natural enemy diversity was found when neighboring fields were either intercropped or left fallow highlighting spatial flows of ecosystem services between fields. Landcover heterogeneity was positively correlated with pest diversity, whilst landcover richness was positively associated with higher pest volume, highlighting the importance of landscape characteristics in pest and natural enemy dynamics. Finally, we found that crop damage was most severe when pest communities had low species richness, suggesting that a small number of key crop pests contribute to most yield losses. Our findings illustrate that those varied combinations of agricultural management practices lead to heterogeneous biodiversity outcomes and trade-offs, and highlight the importance of local management, neighborhood effects and landscape characteristics. CSA evaluations must therefore look beyond productivity as a measure for success, as trade-offs with invertebrate biodiversity, food production, and environmental sustainability often interact and feedback in complex and unexpected ways.