Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria
Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.bjp.0707607
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发表时间：
2008-03-01
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Bennett, P. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bennett, P. M.
细菌已经在地球上存在了大约30亿年，并且已经擅长保护自己免受有毒化学物质的伤害。抗生素在临床上的使用已有60多年的历史。抗生素耐药性现在是世界各地的一个主要临床问题，证明了细菌适应的成功和速度。细菌对抗生素的耐药机制是多种多样的，包括靶向保护、靶向替代、抗生素解毒和阻断抗生素在细胞内的积累。阐明各种机制所需的基因的获得在很大程度上得益于各种混杂的基因转移系统，如细菌结合质粒、转座元件和整合子系统，这些系统将基因从一个DNA系统转移到另一个DNA系统，从一个细菌细胞转移到另一个细菌细胞，而不一定是与基因供体相关的基因转移系统。细菌质粒作为支架，通过转座(转座元件和ISCR介导的转座)和定点重组机制(整合子基因盒)在其上组装抗生素耐药性基因阵列。证据表明，人类细菌病原体中的抗生素耐药基因来自多种细菌来源，这表明所有细菌的基因组都可以被认为是一个单一的全球基因库，大多数细菌(如果不是全部的话)可以在其中寻找生存所需的基因。在抗生素耐药性方面，质粒起着核心作用，作为耐药性基因捕获和随后传播的载体。细菌对抗生素耐药性的这些不同方面将在本报告中探讨。
Bacteria have existed on Earth for three billion years or so and have become adept at protecting themselves against toxic chemicals. Antibiotics have been in clinical use for a little more than 6 decades. That antibiotic resistance is now a major clinical problem all over the world attests to the success and speed of bacterial adaptation. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are varied and include target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Acquisition of genes needed to elaborate the various mechanisms is greatly aided by a variety of promiscuous gene transfer systems, such as bacterial conjugative plasmids, transposable elements and integron systems, that move genes from one DNA system to another and from one bacterial cell to another, not necessarily one related to the gene donor. Bacterial plasmids serve as the scaffold on which are assembled arrays of antibiotic resistance genes, by transposition ( transposable elements and ISCR mediated transposition) and site-specific recombination mechanisms ( integron gene cassettes). The evidence suggests that antibiotic resistance genes in human bacterial pathogens originate from a multitude of bacterial sources, indicating that the genomes of all bacteria can be considered as a single global gene pool into which most, if not all, bacteria can dip for genes necessary for survival. In terms of antibiotic resistance, plasmids serve a central role, as the vehicles for resistance gene capture and their subsequent dissemination. These various aspects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics will be explored in this presentation.