Theories and Models of Urbanization - Geography, Economics and Computing Sciences
Theories and Models of Urbanization - Geography, Economics and Computing Sciences
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城市化理论和模型 - 地理、经济学和计算科学
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-36656-8_4
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Arcaute E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Arcaute E
本章重新审视与幂律和自相似性相关的基本概念，以说明应用于城市系统的标度律的见解和局限性。第一步，我们研究城市边界的作用和城市系统的定义。我们描述了划分城市和大都市区的不同方式，并讨论了这种选择对城市系统的影响。特别是，我们研究了齐普夫指数获得的不同结果，我们表明齐普夫定律是定义城市系统的必要条件，但不是充分条件。我们概述了测量幂律时出现的一些统计困难，并且我们展示了如果处理不当，在研究缩放定律时这些困难如何导致矛盾的结果。我们描述了一些旨在解决这个问题的更严格的方法，例如 Clauset 和 SFI 的同事开发的方法，以及 Leitão 和同事开发的方法。此外，我们表明，分析尺度规律的聚合水平并没有提供有关城市系统中存在的异质性的任何信息。我们简要讨论层次结构和未探索的自相似性的作用，以更好地理解这些。
This chapter revisits rudimentary concepts pertaining to power laws and self-similarities, to illustrate the insights and limitations of scaling laws applied to urban systems. As a first step, we look at the role of city boundaries and the definition of the urban system. We portray different ways to delineate cities and metropolitan areas and discuss the effects of this choice on the system of cities. In particular, we look at the different results obtained for the Zipf’s exponent, and we show that Zipf's law is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to define a system of cities. We sketch some of the statistical difficulties arising when measuring power laws, and we show how these can lead to contradictory results when looking at scaling laws if not addressed properly. We describe some of the more rigorous approaches aiming at tackling this, such as the methods developed by Clauset and colleagues at the SFI on the one hand, and Leitão and colleagues on the other. In addition, we show that the aggregated level at which scaling laws are analysed does not provide any information about the heterogeneities present in urban systems. We briefly touch on the role of hierarchies and unexplored self-similarities to better understand these.