How humans inhabited the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Little Ice Age: A case study at Hualong County, Qinghai Province, China
How humans inhabited the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Little Ice Age: A case study at Hualong County, Qinghai Province, China
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小冰河时期人类如何居住在青藏高原东北部：以中国青海省化隆县为例
DOI：
10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.036
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发表时间：
2016-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fahu Chen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Minmin Ma;Harry F. Lee;Zhancang Zhang;Fahu Chen
尽管人们对小冰期（LIA，CE 1450-1850）期间人类对寒冷气候的适应进行了深入研究，但LIA期间人类在高海拔地区居住的问题尚未得到系统研究。本研究以青藏高原东北部青海化隆县65处明清（1368-1911年）遗址为基础，重建了该地区人类居住的历史。特别强调的是保存完好的马塘湾遗址。通过浮选、放射性碳年代测定、动物骨骼鉴定以及与历史文献和气候记录的对比，揭示了青藏高原东北部在LIA时期的主要生存策略和人类对环境的适应方式。明初华龙县的人类活动主要是军事移民的结果。1745年前后，清朝的移民政策促进了该地区的密集定居，当时气候相对温暖。大麦、燕麦和油菜是主要作物，这些作物适合在高海拔地区生长。羊、牛和马的放牧是维持生计战略的另一个重要组成部分。我们的研究表明，鼓励移民的政策，环境适宜的生存策略和相对有利的气候条件，在温暖的间隔LIA促使成功的居住在青藏高原东北部。
Although human adaptation to cold climates during the Little Ice Age (LIA, CE 1450–1850) has been intensively researched, the question of human habitation in high elevations during the LIA has not been systematically examined. In the present study, we based on 65 Ming and Qing Dynasty (CE 1368–1911) sites to reconstruct the history of human occupation in Hualong County in Qinghai in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Particular emphasis was put on the well-preserved Matangwan site. Using floatation, radiocarbon dating, identification of animal bones, and comparisons with historical literature and climate records, we reveal the main subsistence strategy adopted and the means of human adaptation to the environment in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the LIA. We argue that humans inhabited Hualong County during the early Ming Dynasty mainly as a result of immigration for military purposes. The intensive settling of the area around CE 1745 was promoted by immigration policies of the Qing Empire, when the climate was relatively warm. Barley, oat, and rape, crops that are suitable to grow at high elevations, were the primary crops. Sheep, cattle and horse herding was another important part of the subsistence strategy. Our work suggests that policies for the encouragement of immigration, environmentally suitable subsistence strategies and the relatively favorable climatic conditions during the warm interval of the LIA prompted successful habitation of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
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