Insights and Methods for 4D Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization
Insights and Methods for 4D Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization
复制标题
4D 油藏监测和表征的见解和方法
DOI：
10.1190/1.9781560801696
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
R. Calvert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Calvert
沙特阿拉伯人民知道我们的生意。这本书讲的是两只骆驼。一个是4D地震数据的骆驼，只要它不带着多重包袱，就应该被欢迎进入管理层的帐篷。另一个是财务会计的骆驼，它正在强行进入地球科学的帐篷，要求被喂养。这只骆驼不能满足于我们的预感和希望--这只骆驼想咀嚼我们资产的现状和我们对这些资产将如何表现的定量预测。
这本书的目的是帮助两个骆驼一扔，可以这么说。
四维储层监测使我们能够在三维空间和时间中了解产油储层中的属性发生了什么变化。这方面的知识极为重要，而且日益紧迫。在世界范围内，剩余的已发现石油储量现在几乎与已经消耗的石油储量一样大。这是一个巨大的石油储量，但它正在迅速消耗，而且越来越难找到额外的常规储量。对于石油行业和消费者来说，我们必须尽可能可靠和有效地生产这些剩余的石油。
如果我们不知道水库中发生了什么，我们就不能希望以最佳方式生产它们。优化包括安全、环境影响、恢复系数、及时性，当然还有成本和利润。四维地震数据可以是了解我们的储层中正在发生什么以及在哪里发生的主要贡献者。我们需要尽快与那些可以使用这些知识的人合作，这样我们都可以从4D调查中受益。我们还不知道最终有多少恢复改善是可能的，但事实证明，找出这一点是有利可图的。目前，由于4D知识和适当的行动而回收的额外石油的成本可能低至每桶1美元。这应该会给进一步的改进留下超过每桶40美元的投资。
四维地震法的简单物理原理如图1-1所示。如果我们在生产之前和生产过程中调查正在生产的油气田，我们可以估计储层的变化。随着碳氢化合物被水置换以及压力的变化，储层的地震速度和密度发生变化。通过4D测量，我们可以测量这些变化的影响，并确定储层中发生变化的位置。
The people of Saudi Arabia know about our business. This book is about two camels. One is the 4D-seismic-data camel that should be welcomed into the reservoir-management tent, provided it does not bring all its multifold baggage with it. The other is the financialaccountant camel that is forcing its way into the geoscience tent, demanding to be fed. This camel cannot be satisfied by our hunches and hopes - this camel wants to chew on the current status of our assets and our quantitative predictions of how those assets will perform.
The aim of this book is to help two camels with one throw, so to speak.
Four-dimensional reservoir monitoring enables us to know what is happening to properties in oil-producing reservoirs, in 3D space and time. This knowledge is enormously important and increasingly urgent. Worldwide, the remaining discovered oil reserves are now just about as large as those already consumed. That is a vast amount of oil, but it is being consumed rapidly, and additional conventional reserves are increasingly hard to find. It is imperative for the industry and for consumers that we produce this remaining oil as reliably and efficiently as we can.
If we do not know what is happening in our reservoirs, we cannot hope to produce them optimally. Optimization includes aspects of safety, environmental impact, recovery factor, timeliness and, of course, cost and profit. Four-dimensional seismic data can be a major contributor to the knowledge of what is happening and where it is happening in our reservoirs. We need to work as quickly as possible with those who can use this knowledge, so we all can benefit from 4D surveys. We do not yet know how much recovery improvement ultimately will be possible, but it is proving to be profitable to find out. Currently, the cost of extra oil recovered as a result of 4D knowledge and appropriate action may be as low as $1 per barrel (bbl). That should leave more than $40 per bbl for investing in further improvements.
The simple physical principles of the 4D seismic method are shown in Figure 1-1. If we survey a producing oil or gas field before and during production, we can estimate changes to the reservoir. As hydrocarbons are replaced by water and as pressure changes, the seismic velocity and density of the reservoir change. From 4D surveys, we can measure the effects of those changes and identify where the changes are occurring in the reservoir.