Global Warming, Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
Global Warming, Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
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全球变暖、气候变化和温室气体减排
DOI：
10.1007/978-81-322-3763-1_1
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ashwani Kumar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ashwani Kumar
近年来，化石燃料、烟雾、一氧化碳、微粒、自由基和有毒的含氯氟烃以及毁林现象显著增加，主要是由于人类活动。城市化是一个全球趋势，与收入的增加有关，城市收入的增加与能源消耗和温室气体排放的增加有关。这导致温室气体的增加，这些气体吸收热量，主要是地球表面发出的红外辐射。这些气体在大气中浓度的增加通过捕获更多的热量而使地球变暖。2012年的二氧化碳水平比世纪高出约40%。在缔约方大会（COP 21）期间，在巴黎气候大会（2015年）上达成了一项具有法律约束力的全球气候变化协议，旨在将全球变暖控制在2 °C以下。到本世纪中叶，通过大规模改变能源系统和改变土地使用，可以大幅度减少人为温室气体排放。据国际能源署称，如果可持续生产，生物燃料可以取代足够的石油，每年避免相当于2.1千兆吨（Gt）的二氧化碳排放-大约相当于海洋吸收的净二氧化碳。目前，第二代纤维素生物燃料和第三代藻类生物柴油是封存和转化二氧化碳的主要生物方法。优化可从木质纤维素来源生产生物燃料的技术的竞赛正在进行，并且预计生物技术进步有望在不久的将来实现这一点，以造福人类。这一审查得到了联合国各种出版物的支持，并对引文表示感谢。
In recent years fossil fuels, smog, carbon monoxide, particulates, free radicals and toxic chlorofluorocarbons and deforestations have increased significantly mainly due to anthropogenic activities. Urbanization is a global trend and is associated with increases in income, and higher urban incomes are correlated with higher consumption of energy and GHG emissions. This has resulted in increasing levels of greenhouse gases which absorb heat mainly infrared radiation, emitted from the Earth’s surface. Increases in the atmospheric concentrations of these gases cause Earth to warm by trapping more of this heat. The CO2level in 2012 was about 40% higher than it was in the nineteenth century. During Conference of the Parties (COP21), at Paris Climate Conference, (2015) a legally binding and universal agreement on climate change was achieved, with the aim of keeping global warming below 2 °C. Substantial cuts in anthropogenic GHG emissions by mid-century through large-scale changes in energy systems and altered land use can be achieved. Biofuels, according to the IEA, could displace enough petroleum to avoid the equivalent of 2.1 Gigatons (Gt) of carbon dioxide emission each year if produced sustainably – about as much as net carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans. Currently, second-generation cellulosic biofuels and third-generation algal biodiesels are prominent biological approaches to sequester and convert CO2. The race is on to optimize the technology that can produce biofuels from lignocellulose sources, and it is expected that biotechnological advancement is expected to make this happen in the near future for the benefit of mankind. This review is supported by various publications from the United Nations, and citations are acknowledged.