Downslope Wind‐Driven Fires in the Western United States

Downslope Wind‐Driven Fires in the Western United States
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美国西部的下坡风引发火灾

DOI:
10.1029/2022ef003471
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
Earth's Future
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Hall, A.
Hall, A.
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Abatzoglou, J. T.;Kolden, C. A.;Williams, A. P.;Sadegh, M.;Balch, J. K.;Hall, A.

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下坡风引发的火灾导致了美国西部的许多野火灾害,并对基础设施和人类生命构成了独特的危害。我们分析了 1992 年至 2020 年美国西部野火和下坡风同时发生的情况。下坡风引发的火灾占美国西部野火的 13.4% 和过火面积的 11.9%,但在加州南部、华盛顿中部和落基山脉前部的部分地区,却占局部过火面积的大部分。这些火灾主要由人类点燃,发生在靠近人口中心的地方,对人类生命和基础设施造成了巨大影响。自 1999 年以来,美国西部山火中 60.1% 的建筑物和 52.4% 的人员死亡是由风引起的下坡火灾造成的。下坡风引发的火灾发生在异常干燥的燃料下,并表现出与其他火灾不同的季节性——主要发生在春季和秋季。在 1992 年至 2020 年间,我们记录了下坡风引发火灾的年数量增加了 25%,其各自的年燃烧面积增加了 140%,这在一定程度上反映了干燥燃料的趋势。这些结果加深了我们对下坡风在驱动灾难性野火方面的重要性的理解,这些野火威胁着美国西部山脉附近的人口稠密地区。下坡风引发火灾的独特特征需要加强防火和适应策略,以最大限度地减少损失,并结合不断变化的人为点火、燃料可用性和干燥度以及下坡风的发生来阐明未来的火灾风险。
Downslope wind‐driven fires have resulted in many of the wildfire disasters in the western United States and represent a unique hazard to infrastructure and human life. We analyze the co‐occurrence of wildfires and downslope winds across the western United States (US) during 1992–2020. Downslope wind‐driven fires accounted for 13.4% of the wildfires and 11.9% of the burned area in the western US yet accounted for the majority of local burned area in portions of southern California, central Washington, and the front range of the Rockies. These fires were predominantly ignited by humans, occurred closer to population centers, and resulted in outsized impacts on human lives and infrastructure. Since 1999, downslope wind‐driven fires have accounted for 60.1% of structures and 52.4% of human lives lost in wildfires in the western US. Downslope wind‐driven fires occurred under anomalously dry fuels and exhibited a seasonality distinct from other fires—occurring primarily in the spring and fall. Over 1992–2020, we document a 25% increase in the annual number of downslope wind‐driven fires and a 140% increase in their respective annual burned area, which partially reflects trends toward drier fuels. These results advance our understanding of the importance of downslope winds in driving disastrous wildfires that threaten populated regions adjacent to mountain ranges in the western US. The unique characteristics of downslope wind‐driven fires require increased fire prevention and adaptation strategies to minimize losses and incorporation of changing human‐ignitions, fuel availability and dryness, and downslope wind occurrence to elucidate future fire risk.
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