Developmental exposure to chemicals associated with unconventional oil and gas extraction alters immune homeostasis and viral immunity of the amphibian Xenopus
Developmental exposure to chemicals associated with unconventional oil and gas extraction alters immune homeostasis and viral immunity of the amphibian Xenopus
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发育过程中接触与非常规石油和天然气开采相关的化学物质会改变两栖动物非洲爪蟾的免疫稳态和病毒免疫力
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.395
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Andino, Francisco De
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Robert, Jacques;McGuire, Connor C.;Nagel, Susan;Lawrence, B. Paige;Andino, Francisco De
尽管水生脊椎动物和人类越来越多地暴露在与非常规石油和天然气开采(UOG)相关的水污染物中，但这些污染物对免疫力的长期影响尚不清楚。我们建立了两栖非洲爪哇和蛙类病毒FV3作为评价水生污染物影响的可靠而灵敏的模型。将非洲爪蛙暴露在等量具有内分泌干扰活性的UOG化学物质(0.1和1.0 μg/L)的混合物中3 周，然后在变态后评估稳定状态下和病毒(FV3)感染后对免疫功能的长期影响。值得注意的是，在蝌蚪发育阶段接触UOG化学物质混合物会显著减少变态完成后的身体质量，从而影响变态发育和健康。此外，发育中暴露于UOGs导致成年青蛙免疫平衡紊乱，表现为脾固有白细胞、B和T淋巴细胞数量显著减少；抗病毒免疫反应减弱，导致在感染RAN病毒FV3期间病毒载量增加。这些发现表明，低水平但与环境相关的与UOG相关的水传播内分泌干扰物的混合物有可能在水生脊椎动物和最终人类群体中诱导免疫功能和抗病毒免疫的长期变化。
Although aquatic vertebrates and humans are increasingly exposed to water pollutants associated with unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOG), the long-term effects of these pollutants on immunity remains unclear. We have established the amphibianXenopus laevisand the ranavirus Frog Virus 3 (FV3) as a reliable and sensitive model for evaluating the effects of waterborne pollutants.X. laevistadpoles were exposed to a mixture of equimass amount of UOG chemicals with endocrine disrupting activity (0.1 and 1.0 μg/L) for 3 weeks, and then long-term effects on immune function at steady state and following viral (FV3) infection was assessed after metamorphosis. Notably, developmental exposure to the mixture of UOG chemicals at the tadpole stage affected metamorphic development and fitness by significantly decreasing body mass after metamorphosis completion. Furthermore, developmental exposure to UOGs resulted in perturbation of immune homeostasis in adult frogs, as indicated by significantly decreased number of splenic innate leukocytes, B and T lymphocytes; and a weakened antiviral immune response leading to increased viral load during infection by the ranavirus FV3. These findings suggest that mixture of UOG-associated waterborne endocrine disruptors at low but environmentally–relevant levels have the potential to induce long-lasting alterations of immune function and antiviral immunity in aquatic vertebrates and ultimately human populations.