Connections between studies of the neurobiology of attention, psychotic processes and event-related potentials.
Connections between studies of the neurobiology of attention, psychotic processes and event-related potentials.
复制标题
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2011-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Oades
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Oades
注意：知觉的选择性方面，需要觉醒（有机体），激活（行为）和抑制（神经系统）。它可以被观察到瞬间（浓度），随着时间的推移（警惕性）和通道之间的选择（例如，在集中和分散的条件下拒绝无关）。解剖组织：通过丘脑上行的信息不仅提醒感觉皮层，而且丘脑投射到关联区域的直接反馈允许门控和准备感觉区域以供进一步分析。额叶的组织作用是由下行通路提供的，下行通路允许评估（眶额皮质、杏仁核）、关联（海马复合体）和反应可能性（基底前脑）。后者之间的相互作用允许自动过程，但与前者的边缘连接带来了有意识控制的可能性。神经递质：脑干机制的额外参与允许容量控制（5-羟色胺，5-HT），调谐（去甲肾上腺素，NA）和转换（多巴胺，DA）机制在确定选择性机制的优先级。脑干机制的故障可能会损害从情感（例如5 HT，敌意）到信息相关性评估（DA，持续，转换）的几个系统的调节。这种精神病过程的非特异性特征可以由新皮质和原皮质的异常氨基酸传递（例如Glu、Asp、GABA）引起。精神病理学：阈上或阈下损害的位点可能为症状提供特异性，并推测精神分裂症的贫困、混乱和现实扭曲综合征。有用的“注意”范式的性质和分布的研究，这些过程包括持续的注意，不相关的刺激的影响（学习不注意-“封锁”），注意的隐蔽定向（成本/效益的线索），两分和多歧视（分配），前脉冲抑制和掩蔽（感觉门控）和概念形成。心理生理学：例如，我们自己的工作表明，在有或没有现实扭曲的年轻精神分裂症患者中，失配负性严重降低（分别降低50%和50%）。但是，只有非偏执型患者的选择过程异常松弛，这反映在条件性阻滞的减少（这反过来又反映了在相关和不相关刺激之间的转换以及对两者的学习）。后者的结果被证明是相关的变化，每日DA利用率（测量24小时尿样）一致的DA转换中的作用。
Attention: the selective aspect of perception, requires wakefulness (organism), activation (behavior) and inhibition (neuronal systems). It may be observed momentarily (concentration), over time (vigilance) and in the selection between channels (e.g. the rejection of irrelevance in focussed and divided conditions). Anatomical Organisation: Information ascending through the thalamus not only alerts the sensory cortices, but thalamic projections to association areas receive direct feedback allowing gating and preparation of sensory areas for further analysis. A frontal organizational role is subserved by descending pathways allowing for valuation (orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala), association (hippocampal complex) and response possibilities (basal forebrain). Interactions between the latter allow for automatic processes, but with the former limbic connections bring the possibility of conscious control. Neurotransmitters: Additional involvement of brainstem mechanisms allows for volume-control (serotonin, 5HT), tuning (noradrenaline, NA) and switching (dopamine, DA) mechanisms in determining priority in selective mechanisms. Failures of brainstem mechanisms can impair the modulation of several systems ranging from affect (e.g. 5HT, hostility) to the assessment of information relevance (DA, perseveration, switching). Such non-specific features of psychotic processes can be incurred by unusual amino-acid transmission (e.g. Glu, Asp, GABA) from the neo- and archicortices. Psychopathology: The locus of supra- or sub-liminal damage may provide specificity to the symptom and speculatively the schizophrenic syndromes of poverty, disorganization and reality distortion. Useful "attentional" paradigms for the study of the nature and distribution of these processes include sustained attention, the influence of irrelevant stimuli (learned inattention -"blocking"), the covert orienting of attention (cost/benefits of cueing), dichotic and multidiscrimination (allocation), prepulse inhibition and masking (sensory gating) and concept formation. Psychophysiology: Our own work shows, for example, that mismatch negativity is severely reduced in young patients with schizophrenia with or without reality distortion (by 50% and again by 50%, respectively). But only the non-paranoid patients show an abnormal loosening of selection processes, reflected in reduced conditioned blocking (that in turn reflects switching between relevant and irrelevant stimuli and learning about both). This latter result proved to be related to changes of daily DA utilization (measured in 24h-urine samples) consistent with a DA role in switching.