Understanding vaccination resistance: Vaccine search term selection bias and the valence of retrieved information
Understanding vaccination resistance: Vaccine search term selection bias and the valence of retrieved information
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.042
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发表时间：
2014-10-07
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Bell, Robert A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ruiz, Jeanette B.;Bell, Robert A.
背景：互联网上与疫苗接种相关的可疑信息导致一些家长选择不给孩子接种疫苗。目标：确定负面、中性和正面搜索词是否会检索到不同效价的疫苗接种信息，并证实搜索者对疫苗接种的假设。方法：使用针对“疫苗”、“疫苗接种”和“MMR”概念的三个负面、三个中性和三个正面搜索词对第一页 Google 搜索结果进行内容分析；检索到的 90 个网站中有 84 个符合收录要求。两名编码员独立可靠地对有关疫苗接种的 15 个谣言（例如“疫苗导致自闭症”）是否存在、反驳这些谣言的陈述以及支持或反对疫苗接种的建议分别进行了编码。使用描述性统计对数据进行分析。结果：在所有网站中，16.7% 的网站至少存在一种误解，64.3% 的网站至少反驳了一种误解。使用负面、中性和正面搜索词检索到的网站上存在的神话的平均数量分别为 1.93、0.53 和 0.40。使用负面、中性和正面搜索词检索到的网站上反驳的谣言平均数量分别为 3.0、3.27 和 2.87。 22.6% 的网站提供了有关疫苗接种的明确建议。使用负面搜索词检索的网站（占建议的 37.5%）比使用中性搜索词（12.5%）或肯定搜索词（0%）检索的网站更常提出反对疫苗接种的建议。 结论：与寻求疫苗接种益处信息的家长相比，寻求有关儿童免疫接种风险信息的相关家长会发现更多延续疫苗神话并建议反对疫苗接种的网站。这表明搜索词效价可能会导致在线信息支持相关家长对疫苗的误解。 (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Context: Dubious vaccination-related information on the Internet leads some parents to opt out of vaccinating their children.Objectives: To determine if negative, neutral and positive search terms retrieve vaccination information that differs in valence and confirms searchers' assumptions about vaccination.Methods: A content analysis of first-page Google search results was conducted using three negative, three neutral, and three positive search terms for the concepts "vaccine," "vaccination," and "MMR"; 84 of the 90 websites retrieved met inclusion requirements. Two coders independently and reliably coded for the presence or absence of each of 15 myths about vaccination (e.g., "vaccines cause autism"), statements that countered these myths, and recommendations for or against vaccination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: Across all websites, at least one myth was perpetuated on 16.7% of websites and at least one myth was countered on 64.3% of websites. The mean number of myths perpetuated on websites retrieved with negative, neutral, and positive search terms, respectively, was 1.93, 0.53, and 0.40. The mean number of myths countered on websites retrieved with negative, neutral, and positive search terms, respectively, was 3.0, 3.27, and 2.87. Explicit recommendations regarding vaccination were offered on 22.6% of websites. A recommendation against vaccination was more often made on websites retrieved with negative search terms (37.5% of recommendations) than on websites retrieved with neutral (12.5%) or positive (0%) search terms.Conclusion: The concerned parent who seeks information about the risks of childhood immunizations will find more websites that perpetuate vaccine myths and recommend against vaccination than the parent who seeks information about the benefits of vaccination. This suggests that search term valence can lead to online information that supports concerned parents' misconceptions about vaccines. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.