The biomechanics of burrowing and boring
The biomechanics of burrowing and boring
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.086983
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Dorgan, Kelly M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dorgan, Kelly M.
挖洞者和蛀虫是生态系统工程师，通过生物扰动、生物灌溉和生物侵蚀来改变其物理环境。通过挖洞或钻孔穿过固体基质的机制取决于介质的机械特性以及生物体的大小和形态。对于穴居动物来说，泥土在力学上与沙子不同。在泥浆中，沉积物颗粒悬浮在因破裂而失效的有机基质中。大型动物通过破裂在弹性泥浆中扩展洞穴。沙子是粒状且非粘性的，使颗粒更容易相互移动，大型动物穴居动物利用颗粒的流化或塑性重排。在沙子和泥浆中，蠕动运动会施加法向力并减少剪切力。开挖和局部颗粒压实是使沉积物塑性变形的机制，对泥和沙都有效，较大的生物体使用大块开挖，较小的生物体使用局部压实。对坚硬基质进行机械钻孔是一种极端的挖掘形式，其中不会发生洞穴壁压实，并且颗粒会被刚性、坚硬的结构磨损。化学钻孔涉及分泌物以溶解或软化一般碳酸盐基质。尽管介质的力学存在很大差异，但相似的挖掘行为在泥和沙中也有效。
Burrowers and borers are ecosystem engineers that alter their physical environments through bioturbation, bioirrigation and bioerosion. The mechanisms of moving through solid substrata by burrowing or boring depend on the mechanical properties of the medium and the size and morphology of the organism. For burrowing animals, mud differs mechanically from sand; in mud, sediment grains are suspended in an organic matrix that fails by fracture. Macrofauna extend burrows through this elastic mud by fracture. Sand is granular and non-cohesive, enabling grains to more easily move relative to each other, and macrofaunal burrowers use fluidization or plastic rearrangement of grains. In both sand and mud, peristaltic movements apply normal forces and reduce shear. Excavation and localized grain compaction are mechanisms that plastically deform sediments and are effective in both mud and sand, with bulk excavation being used by larger organisms and localized compaction by smaller organisms. Mechanical boring of hard substrata is an extreme form of excavation in which no compaction of burrow walls occurs and grains are abraded with rigid, hard structures. Chemical boring involves secretion to dissolve or soften generally carbonate substrata. Despite substantial differences in the mechanics of the media, similar burrowing behaviors are effective in mud and sand.