Spatial heterogeneity and grazing processes
Spatial heterogeneity and grazing processes
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DOI：
10.1051/animres:2003013
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发表时间：
2003-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Parsons;B. Dumont
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Parsons;B. Dumont
大规模的空间格局，无论是在植被的高度，密度，或物种组成，是一个最明显的和广泛认可的大型草食动物放牧系统的异质性特征。但是，要理解它们的存在与放牧过程的关系，以及这些模式对植物、动物和土地使用者的影响，需要在我们对植物和动物之间相互作用的认识中加入空间概念和动力学。这两种方法在农业研究中都不是传统的方法.在本文中，我们提供了一个概述，我们提出的是一些关键的主题和问题，出现在试图了解植物生长（食物资源）和动物的行为之间的相互作用的空间方面。我们不想详细回顾任何一个领域的进展，而是着眼于动物从植物中取食（有或没有选择性）影响植物再生成分的根本不同方式的一些基本原理;这些成分的差异;这种“种子”创造和维持异质性的方式，最重要的是动物的结果（摄入量）。同样，我们也概述了动物行为的一些基本特征，考虑到异质性和空间分布的食物，其中包括预期的相遇率;学习和记忆;以及作为一个群体觅食时社会互动的收益和成本。通过这种方式，我们结合了联合收割机的知识，从几个学科（植物生理学，动物科学，行为生态学，尤其是从实用农业）的目标提供了一个基础，为开发简单的实用手段，操纵放牧，但多用途的景观，以平衡多样性，异质性和农业性能。认知能力/觅食成本/最佳放牧/遭遇率/社会行为
Large-scale spatial patterns, whether in the height, density, or species composition of vegetation, are one of the most demonstrable and widely recognised features of heterogeneity in large herbivore grazing systems. But to understand how their existence relates to grazing processes, and what the implications of the patterns are for plants, animals, and for land users, requires adding spatial concepts, and dynamics to our knowledge of the interactions between plants and animals. Neither ap- proach has been traditional in agricultural research. In this paper, we provide an overview of what we propose are some of the key topics and questions that arise in attempts to understand spatial aspects of the interaction between plant growth (food resources) and animals'behaviour. Rather than review ad- vances in any one area in detail, we look at some basic principles of the fundamentally different ways in which animals eating from vegetation (with or without selectivity) affect the components of plant regrowth; the variance about these; the way this 'seeds' the creation and maintenance of heterogene- ity, and most important the outcome (intake) for the animals. Likewise we outline some basic features of animals' behaviour, given heterogeneous and so spatially distributed food, which includes the ex- pected rates of encounter; learning and memory; and both the benefits and costs of social interactions when foraging as a group. In this way we combine knowledge from several disciplines (plant physiol- ogy; animal science; behavioural ecology and not least from practical agriculture) with a goal of pro- viding a basis for the development of simple pragmatic means for manipulating a grazed but multi- purpose landscape to balance diversity, heterogeneity and agricultural performance. cognitive abilities / foraging costs / optimal grazing / rate of encounter / social behaviour