Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Seasonal-Long Insecticide-Based Control Strategy against Aedes albopictus Nuisance in an Urban Area.
Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Seasonal-Long Insecticide-Based Control Strategy against Aedes albopictus Nuisance in an Urban Area.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0004463
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发表时间：
2016-03
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
della Torre A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caputo B;Manica M;D'Alessandro A;Bottà G;Filipponi F;Protano C;Vitali M;Rosà R;della Torre A
在温带地区的城市地区，经常采用季节性长时间杀幼虫治疗和/或室外空间喷洒杀虫剂，以减少白纹伊蚊的滋扰，该物种已成为影响人们生活质量和健康的永久性有害生物。然而，评估连续干预措施的有效性是一项艰巨的任务，因为它需要考虑到多种治疗的累积和综合影响，以及蚊子的季节动态(而不是单一治疗前后的蚊子数量)。在此，我们介绍了在罗马(意大利)的主要大学医院进行的一种基于季节-长日历的控制干预措施的效果评估结果，该干预措施结合了街道捕水池的杀幼虫处理和夜间地面喷洒防腐剂。在整个季节里，进行了笼养实验，并对处理和未处理地点的野生蚊子数量进行了密集监测。使用粘性诱捕器监测成虫丰度和特定地点的生态气候变化(通过记录每个诱捕器中的剩余水分)，以弄清生态气候驱动因素对蚊子季节动态的影响。尽管根据笼养蚊子和野生蚊子的死亡率评估的单一防腐剂喷洒的影响明显有限，但时间分析的结果表明，两个地点的蚊子季节模式最初是相似的，在没有不同的生态气候条件的情况下出现了分化，之后保持稳定。这允许将缺乏预期的Ae归因于此。白纹伊蚊在处理现场的种群增长是由于整个季节进行了多次喷洒防腐剂和杀虫剂处理的综合作用。事实证明，所提出的方法成功地评估了季节性长时间控制措施对成蚊种群动态的影响，并可成为评估其他控制措施的有效性、评估其实际成本效益以及尽可能减少空间喷洒以减少蚊子滋扰的宝贵工具。由于“老虎蚊子”白天侵略性的叮咬行为造成了相当大的滋扰，这种热带物种已成为永久害虫的温带地区的城市地区主要采用杀虫剂治疗。这些措施包括用蚊子幼虫的致命产品处理集水池，以及对飞行的成虫喷洒杀虫剂。尽管后者对环境的影响很大，卫生当局也不建议减少对公民的滋扰，但它们被认为是提供最大好处的方法。然而，这一点并没有得到充分的证明。我们表明，在罗马(意大利)对蚊子幼虫和成虫进行的季节性长日历控制干预措施，在已知密度和滋扰最高的月份有效地减少了蚊子的数量。这里采用的新方法有助于评估蚊子控制战略的实际效果，由于技术困难、成本高和缺乏承诺，很少对其进行评估，但有助于优化控制战略。如果我们初步证实杀虫剂治疗有重大效果的迹象，就可以减少或消除更有害的喷洒杀虫剂的做法。
Seasonal-long larvicide treatments and/or outdoor space-spray applications of insecticides are frequently applied to reduce Aedes albopictus nuisance in urban areas of temperate regions, where the species has become a permanent pest affecting people’s quality of life and health. However, assessments of the effectiveness of sequential interventions is a difficult task, as it requires to take into account the cumulative and combined effect of multiple treatments, as well as the mosquito seasonal dynamics (rather than mosquito abundance before and after single treatments). We here present the results of the effectiveness assessment of a seasonal-long calendar-based control intervention integrating larvicide treatments of street catch basins and night-time adulticide ground spraying in the main University hospital in Rome (Italy). Cage-experiments and an intensive monitoring of wild mosquito abundance in treated and untreated sites were carried out along an entire season. Sticky traps were used to monitor adult abundance and site-specific eco-climatic variations (by recording water left over in each trap), in order to disentangle the effect of insecticide treatments from eco-climatic drivers on mosquito seasonal dynamics. Despite the apparent limited impact of single adulticide sprayings assessed based on mortality in caged and wild mosquitoes, the results of the temporal analysis showed that mosquito seasonal patterns were initially comparable in the two sites, diverged in the absence of diverging eco-climatic conditions and remained stable afterwards. This allowed to attribute the lack of the expected Ae. albopictus population expansion in the treated site to the combined effect of multiple adulticide sprayings and larvicide treatments carried out during the whole season. The approach proposed was proved to be successful to assess effects of seasonal-long control treatments on adult mosquito population dynamics and could represent a valuable instrument to assess the effectiveness of other control interventions, to evaluate their actual cost-benefits and to possibly minimize space-spraying applications to reduce mosquito nuisance. Due to the considerable nuisance created by the aggressive day-time biting behaviour of the “tiger mosquito,” insecticide treatments are largely employed in urban areas of temperate regions where this tropical species has become a permanent pest. These include treatments of catch basins with lethal products for mosquito larvae and spraying of insecticides against flying adults. Despite the latter having a high environmental impact and not being recommended by health authorities to reduce the nuisance to citizens, they are perceived as the approach providing the greatest benefits. However, this is not fully demonstrated. We showed that a seasonal-long calendar-based control intervention carried out against mosquito larvae and adults in Rome (Italy) was effective in reducing the mosquito abundance in the months when highest densities and nuisance are known to occur. The novel methodological approach followed here facilitates the assessment of the actual effectiveness of control strategies against mosquitoes, which are very rarely assessed due to technical difficulties, high costs and lack of commitments, but are instrumental to optimize control strategies. Should our preliminary indications of a major effect of larvicide treatments be confirmed, the more harmful exploitation of insecticide spraying could be reduced or eliminated.