Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and soil bacteriology research
Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and soil bacteriology research
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DOI：
10.1007/s11104-007-9514-z
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发表时间：
2008-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Schmid, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hartmann, Anton;Rothballer, Michael;Schmid, Michael
Lorenz Hiltner在1904年被认为是第一个创造“根际”一词的科学家。本文总结了他的科学生涯和成就。他的大部分研究都是在慕尼黑的巴伐利亚农业植物研究所（后来被命名为“巴伐利亚植物生长和植物保护研究所”）进行的，1902年至1923年他在那里担任所长。通过对不同作物（豆科植物和非豆科植物）的发芽和生长进行深入和彻底的调查，Hiltner确信不同植物的根分泌物支持不同细菌群落的发展。他在1904年对“根际”的定义集中在植物营养在很大程度上受到根际微生物组成的影响这一观点上。Hiltner甚至在健康根的根皮中也观察到细菌细胞。与真菌的根共生体类似，Hiltner将与根密切相关的细菌群落命名为“菌群”。在他的根际概念中，希特纳还设想，有益细菌不仅被根分泌物吸引，而且还有“不速之客”，它们会适应特定的根分泌物。根据他的观察，他假设“植物对发病机制的抗性取决于根际微生物群的组成。”他甚至认为，植物产品的质量可能取决于根部微生物群的组成。除了他的科学成就外，希特纳还非常致力于应用工作。他与F. Nobbe一起获得了根瘤菌接种剂（Nitragin）的第一个专利。他不断改进根瘤菌制剂的配方和功效，并首创用升华剂敷种以保护幼苗。因此，Hiltner将基础研究的突破与改进根际管理实践紧密地联系在一起。此外，他还写了一本关于植物保护的开创性专著，供大家实际使用。他强调在微生物的微栖息地根际环境中理解微生物，这使他成为微生物生态学的先驱。即使现在，在基因组和后基因组分析的时代，随着我们对植物营养和土壤细菌学有了更好的了解，他的思想和贡献仍然像100多年前一样新鲜。
Lorenz Hiltner is recognized as the first scientist to coin the term "rhizosphere" in 1904. His scientific career and achievements are summarized in this essay. Most of his research he performed in the Bavarian Agriculture-Botanical Institute (later named the "Bavarian Institute of Plant Growth and Plant Protection") in Munich, where he was the director from 1902 to 1923. Beginning with intensive and thorough investigations on the germination and growth of different crop plants (legumes and non-legumes) Hiltner became convinced, that root exudates of different plants support the development of different bacterial communities. His definition of the "rhizosphere" in the year 1904 centered on the idea, that plant nutrition is considerably influenced by the microbial composition of the rhizosphere. Hiltner observed bacterial cells even inside the rhizodermis of healthy roots. In analogy with fungal root symbionts, Hiltner named the bacterial community that is closely associated with roots "bacteriorhiza." In his rhizosphere concept, Hiltner also envisioned, that beneficial bacteria are not only attracted by the root exudates but that there are also "uninvited guests," that adjust to the specific root exudates. Based on his observations he hypothesized that "the resistance of plants towards pathogenesis is dependent on the composition of the rhizosphere microflora." He even had the idea, that the quality of plant products may be dependent on the composition of the root microflora. In addition to his scientific achievements, Hiltner was very dedicated to applied work. Together with F. Nobbe he had the first patent on Rhizobium inoculants (Nitragin). He continuously improved formulations and the effectivity of the Rhizobium preparations and he also initiated seed dressing with sublimate for plant protection of seedlings. Thus, Hiltner tightly linked breakthroughs in basic research to improved rhizosphere management practices. In addition, he wrote a pioneering monograph on plant protection for everybody's practical use. His emphasis on understanding microbes in the context of their micro-habitat, the rhizosphere, made him a pioneer in microbial ecology. Even now, in the era of genome and postgenome analysis with our better understanding of plant nutrition and soil bacteriology, his ideas and contributions are as fresh as they were more than 100 years ago.