The Hidden Organization of Labor: Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Child-Care Work in the Formal and Informal Economy
The Hidden Organization of Labor: Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Child-Care Work in the Formal and Informal Economy
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隐藏的劳工组织：正规和非正规经济中的性别、种族/民族和儿童保育工作
DOI：
10.2307/1389321
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发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Mary C. Tuominen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mary C. Tuominen
虽然广泛的研究证明了美国对儿童保育的需求，但很少有人探讨儿童保育工作的组织或其政治经济背景。这篇文章从经验和理论两方面探讨了美国儿童保育工作的组织。在过去的25年里，正规的儿童保育中心成为就业父母增长最快的儿童保育来源，而非正式的安排继续成为美国就业父母75%以上的儿童保育来源。鉴于在正规市场之外的环境中提供大量儿童保育，非正规部门经济理论似乎是解释儿童保育工作组织的潜在可行框架。非正规部门理论显然有助于确定存在于正规市场经济之外的许多生产形式。即便如此，非正式部门理论家还是倾向于根据正式市场生产的规范来定义和分析劳动力。此外，植根于正规市场经济规范的理论未能充分分析护理工作，这种工作历来由妇女在正规市场之外从事。为了准确地分析和理论化护理工作的组织，政治经济学理论必须明确纳入妇女的家务劳动。通过这样做，理论将更充分地展示性别和种族/族裔如何作为组织护理工作的基本结构。
While extensive studies document the need for child care in the United States, little has been done to explore the organization of child-care work or its political economic context. The article explores, both empirically and theoretically, the organization of child-care work in the United States. While formal child-care centers emerged as the fastest-growing source of child care for employed parents in the last 25 years, informal arrangements continue to serve as the source of over 75% of child care for employed parents in the United States. Given the vast provision of child care in settings outside of formal markets, informal-sector economic theory appeared a potentially viable framework for elucidating the organization of child-care work. Informal-sector theory clearly assists in identifying many forms of production existing outside of the formal market economy. Even so, informal-sector theorists show a proclivity to define and analyze labor according to the norms of formal market production. Also, theories rooted in the norms of the formal market economy fail to fully analyze care-giving work, work historically performed by women outside of formal markets. In order to accurately analyze and theorize the organization of care-giving work, political economic theories must explicitly incorporate women's household and domestic labor. By so doing theories will more fully demonstrate the ways in which gender and race/ethnicity serve as the fundamental structures organizing the work of care-giving.