Kids, guns, and killing fields
Kids, guns, and killing fields
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孩子、枪支和杀戮场
作者：
James D. Wright;J. Sheley;M. Smith
青少年暴力的瘟疫似乎正在席卷全国。每年因谋杀被捕的18岁及以下青少年的数量在1983年至1988年间增加了近四分之一，然后在1988年至1990年间又增加了近一半。事实上，凶杀现在是14-44岁黑人男性死亡的主要原因，减少青年暴力已成为一项重要的公共卫生目标。几年前似乎令人震惊和难以解释的事件——帮派斗争、驾车杀人、肆无忌惮的暴行、校园枪击——不知何故已成为城市生活中的常见现象。在许多可能被问到的关于年轻人犯下的暴力行为和针对年轻人的暴力行为的问题中，这些年轻人从哪里以及如何获得枪支？美国联邦法律禁止直接向21岁以下的人出售手枪，禁止向18岁以下的人出售肩扛武器。这些规定显然并没有阻止大批青年获得精密、高质量的枪支。持枪在中心城市的年轻人中有多普遍？获得枪支的方法和来源是什么？关于年轻人持枪的细节，我们能学到什么有用的东西来阻止他们吗？摘要：目的：Wright等人的这项研究描述了主要是内城青年的枪支获取方法和枪支使用情况。研究方法：本研究基于两项关于枪支和青少年暴力的广泛调查的初步结果。第一次调查是对目前在最高安全惩教设施中的835名犯罪活跃青年进行的。第二次调查是在加州、路易斯安那州、伊利诺伊州和新泽西州五个大城市的10所市中心公立高中对1653名男女学生进行的。研究对象主要是非白人、受教育程度较低的市中心青少年。这些调查的结果被分为枪支持有、武器质量、枪支的可获得性、街头价格、关于地位或生存的辩论以及青少年犯罪等类别。使用百分比来分析数据。发现/讨论：在第一个样本中，当测量青少年的持枪情况时，发现86%的被监禁青少年在他们的生活中至少拥有一支枪支；65%的人至少拥有三把枪。72%的在押青少年拥有左轮手枪；66%拥有半自动武器；51%的人拥有一把锯掉的散弹枪。55%的被监禁的青少年报告在被捕前一直或大部分时间携带枪支；84%的人有时会带枪。79%的被监禁青少年的男性家庭成员拥有枪支；62%的人表示，他们的亲戚经常随身携带枪支。90%的被监禁的青少年都有携带枪支的朋友。在测量市中心高中青少年持枪情况时，发现约30%的男生一生中至少拥有一支枪；15%的人至少拥有三把枪。15%的男生拥有左轮手枪，18%的男生拥有半自动武器。目前拥有枪支的男学生中，有12%的人报告说他们大部分时间都带着枪；23%的人有时携带枪支。70%的男学生家庭中有男性成员拥有枪支。57%的学生称他们的朋友拥有枪支；42%的人说他们的朋友有枪。在这两个样本中，受试者拥有的枪支质量都非常高（至少大多数是）。38口径)。被监禁的青少年对枪的三个品质评价最高的是火力、构造质量和可追溯性；对于男生来说，他们最看重的是建筑质量、射击容易程度和准确性。当被问及枪支的可获得性时，70%的被监禁的青少年和41%的男学生报告说，弄到枪不会有什么麻烦。这两个样本获得枪支的主要来源都是家人、朋友、街头联系人、毒贩和瘾君子。其中许多枪支会被年轻人或他们的熟人偷走。样本中的许多人曾要求别人在典当行或枪支店为他们买枪（32%的囚犯；18%的男学生）。这些获取武器的来源和方法与成年重罪犯使用的武器非常相似。样本中的大多数人以非常便宜的价格购买枪支（300美元以下）。这些调查并不支持青少年获得枪支是为了维持或获得与同龄人的地位，并证明他们的男子气概的理论。86%的囚犯和90%的男学生拒绝接受“如果他们不带枪，同龄人就不会尊重他们”的说法。类似的声明得到了类似的答复。据报道，购买枪支的主要原因是自我保护和自我保存。受试者携带枪支最频繁的时候是在一个陌生的地方，当他们晚上外出时，以及当他们需要保护自己时。这两个样本中有很多人一生中都被枪击、刺伤或受伤。75%的囚犯之前至少向别人开过一次枪；69%的人开枪是出于自卫。作者的建议：作者认为大众媒体忽视了青少年在哪里、如何以及为什么获得枪支的问题。他们建议，应该更加重视减少青少年携带枪支的动机，而不是对携带枪支的人进行更严厉的惩罚。他们得出的结论是，失业、缺乏机会和对人身安全的担忧是导致城市暴力和青少年获得枪支的主要原因。(CSPV摘要-版权所有©1992-2007由行为科学研究所暴力研究与预防中心，摄政科罗拉多大学的)千瓦-加州KW -路易斯安那州KW -伊利诺斯州KW -新泽西KW -少年枪支携带KW -少年枪支所有权千瓦少年枪支使用千瓦——青少年犯罪者KW -青少年暴力KW -城市犯罪KW -城市暴力KW -城市青年KW -枪支所有权KW -枪支Accessability KW -枪支暴力千瓦枪支携带导致KW -枪支携带发病率和患病率KW -枪支使用导致语言:en
A plague of youth violence seems to be sweeping the nation. The number of juveniles, eighteen and under, who are arrested annually for murder increased bt bearly a quarter between 1983 and 1988 and then increased again by nearly half between 1988 and 1990. Indeed, homicide is now the leading cause of death for black males aged 14-44 and the reduction of violence among youth has become an important public health goal. Incidents that would have seemed shocking and inexplicable just a few years ago--gang warfare, drive-by slayings, wanton brutality, in-school shootings--have somehow become commonplaces of urban existance. Among the many questions that might be asked about violence committed by and against youths is where and how do these youths obtain firearms? U.S. federal law prohibits direct sale of handguns to persons under the age of 21 and sale of shoulder weapons to those under the age of 18. These provisions have evidently not prevented large numbers of youths from obtaining sophisticated, high-quality guns. HOw prevalent has gun-carrying become among youths in the central cities? What are the methods and sources by which guns are obtained? Is there anything to be learned about the details of youthful gun acquisition hat would be useful in getting them to stop it? VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: This study by Wright et al. provided a description of the gun obtainment methods and the gun use of primarily inner-city youth. METHODOLOGY: This study is based on the preliminary results of two extensive surveys concerning firearms and youth violence. The first surveys were given to 835 criminally active youth currently in maximum-security correction facilities. The second surveys were given to 1653 male and female students at ten inner-city public high schools in five large cities in California, Louisiana, Illinois and New Jersey. The subjects were predominantly non-white, poorly educated inner-city teenagers. The results of these surveys were divided into the categories of gun possession, quality of weapons, availability of guns, street prices, the debate on status or survival, and juvenile crime. Percentages were used to analyze the data. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: When measuring gun possession of the youth in the first sample, it was found that 86% of the incarcerated juveniles owned at least one firearm in their lives; and 65% reported owning at least three firearms. Seventy-two percent of the incarcerated juveniles owned revolvers; 66% owned semi-automatic weapons; 51% owned a sawed-off shot gun. Fifty-five percent of the incarcerated youth reported carrying a gun all or most of the time before being arrested; 84% carried a gun sometimes. Seventy- nine percent of the incarcerated youth had male family members who owned guns; 62% reported having relatives who carried guns with them much of the time. Ninety percent of the incarcerated youth had friends who carried firearms. When measuring gun possession of the youth in the inner-city high school, it was found that about 30% of the male students owned at least one gun in their lifetimes; 15% reported owning at least three firearms. Fifteen percent of the male students owned a revolver and 18% owned a semi-automatic weapon. Twelve percent of the male students who currently owned a gun reported carrying it most of the time; 23% reported carrying a gun sometimes. Seventy percent of male students had male family members who owned guns. Fifty-seven percent of the students reported having friends who owned guns; 42% reported having friends who carried guns. The quality of the firearms owned by subjects in both samples were of very high caliber (majority were at least .38 caliber). The three gun qualities rated the highest by the incarcerated youth were firepower, quality of construction and traceability; by the male students, they were quality of construction, ease of shooting, and accuracy. When asked about the availability of guns, 70% of the incarcerated youth and 41% of the male students reported that it would be no trouble to get a gun. The main sources for both samples to obtain firearms were family, friends, street contacts, drug dealers and junkies. Many of these guns would be stolen by the youth or their contacts. Many of those in the samples had asked someone to purchase a gun for them in a pawn shop or gun store (32% of the inmates; 18% of the male students). These sources and methods of obtaining weapons were very similar to those used by adult felons. Most of those in the sample purchased guns at very inexpensive prices ($300 and less). The theory that juveniles obtain guns to maintain or gain status with their peers and to prove their masculinity was not supported by these surveys. Eighty-six percent of the inmates and 90% of the male students rejected the statement that their peers would not respect them if they did not carry a gun. Similar statements received similar responses. The main reasons for purchasing guns were reported to be self-protection and self-preservation. The most frequent times the subjects carried their guns were in a strange area, when they were out at night, and when they needed to protect themselves. Large numbers in both samples had been shot, stabbed or wounded during their lives. Seventy-five percent of the inmates had fired a gun at a person before at least once; 69% had fired in what they reported as self-defense. AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors suggested that the mass media has ignored the questions of where, how and why juveniles acquire firearms. They suggested that there needs to be more emphasis on reducing the motivations for juveniles to carry guns rather than more severe punishments for carrying them. They concluded that joblessness, lack of opportunities, and fear for personal safety were the primary causes of inner-city violence and gun obtainment by teenagers. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - California KW - Louisiana KW - Illinois KW - New Jersey KW - Juvenile Firearms Carrying KW - Juvenile Firearms Ownership KW - Juvenile Firearms Use KW - Juvenile Offender KW - Juvenile Violence KW - Urban Crime KW - Urban Violence KW - Urban Youth KW - Firearms Ownership KW - Firearms Accessability KW - Firearms Violence KW - Firearms Carrying Causes KW - Firearms Carrying Incidence and Prevalence KW - Firearms Use Causes Language: en