SQUASH AND GOURD BEES (PEPONAPIS, XENOGLOSSA) AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CULTIVATED CUCURBITA
SQUASH AND GOURD BEES (PEPONAPIS, XENOGLOSSA) AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CULTIVATED CUCURBITA
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南瓜和葫芦蜂（PEPONAPIS、XENOGLOSSA）以及栽培南瓜的起源
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发表时间：
1971
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Whitaker
中科院分区：
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作者：
P. D. Hurd;E. Linsley;T. Whitaker
美洲特有的许多有趣的蜜蜂与植物关系包括两种独居蜜蜂属（Peponapis和Xenoglossa）和葫芦属（南瓜、葫芦和南瓜）之间存在的关系。对于这些蜜蜂，俗称南瓜蜂和葫芦蜂，这是它们赖以生存的关系。这似乎也是它们进化的主要参数。南瓜属的花（图1，A-C）通常在日出前或日出后不久开放，雌雄同株，雌花需要授粉才能成功坐果。大约有二十几个物种，包括野生的和栽培的。大多数种是一年生植物，但也有几个多年生植物，包括五个栽培种之一（C。ficifolia）。虽然大的、显眼的和紫外线反射的花吸引了各种各样的蜜蜂和其他嗜花昆虫来获取花蜜、花粉或两者，但实际上只有南瓜蜂和葫芦蜂从这些植物的花蜜和花粉中获得它们的全部经济，无论是成虫还是幼虫（Hurd和Linsley，1964，1966，1967 a，B，1970）。雌性只从葫芦科植物中获取花粉，这一任务由后腿的修饰的毛大大促进，这非常适合于收集和处理本属的花粉粒。然而，花粉粒的大小和结构各不相同（图1，D-F）
Among the many interesting bee-plant relationships peculiar to the Americas are those that exist between two genera of solitary bees (Peponapis and Xenoglossa) and the genus Cucurbita (squashes, gourds and pumpkins). To these bees, commonly known as squash and gourd bees, it is a relationship on which their survival depends. It also seems to be the chief parameter of their evolution. The flowers of Cucurbita (Fig. 1, A-C), which open usually before or shortly after sunrise, are monoecious, and the pistillate flowers require pollination for successful fruit set. There are about two dozen species, both wild and cultivated. Most species are annuals, but there are several perennials including one of the five cultivated species (C. ficifolia). Although the large, conspicuous and ultra-violet reflective flowers attract a wide variety of bees and other anthophilous insects for nectar, pollen or both, only the squash and gourd bees derive virtually their entire economy, both as adults and larvae, from the nectar and pollen of these plants (Hurd and Linsley, 1964, 1966, 1967a,b, 1970). The females obtain pollen solely from Cucurbita, a task that is greatly facilitated by the modified hairs of the hind legs, which are admirably adapted for the collection and manipulation of the pollen grains of this genus. However, the pollen grains vary in size and structure (Fig. 1, D-F)