Assessing the effect of the time since transition to organic farming on plants and butterflies
Assessing the effect of the time since transition to organic farming on plants and butterflies
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01989.x
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发表时间：
2011-06-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Bengtsson, Jan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jonason, Dennis;Andersson, Georg K. S.;Bengtsson, Jan
环境变化可能并不总是导致物种分布、丰富度或多样性的快速变化。为了估计例如由农业环境计划(AES)引起的土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态系统服务的影响，关于该计划的实施和生物反应之间的时间间隔的信息是必不可少的。我们研究了从过渡到有机耕作的时间(TST)对植物物种丰富度和蝴蝶物种丰富度和丰度的影响。在瑞典两个地区的60个农场(20个常规农场和40个有机农场)的谷类田地和邻近的田野边缘进行了调查。在调查开始前的1到25年间，有机农场从传统管理转变为有机农场。这些农场是按照可耕地比例指示的景观复杂性梯度进行选择的，因此具有相似TST的农场在所有景观类型中都有代表。生物反应采用模型平均法进行评估。与常规农场相比，有机农场的植物和蝴蝶物种丰富度增加了约20%，蝴蝶物种丰富度增加了约60%。自过渡以来的时间在25年期间逐渐影响蝴蝶的数量，导致100%的增加。相比之下，没有发现TST对植物或蝴蝶物种丰富度的影响，这表明主要影响发生在过渡到有机耕作之后。景观复杂性的增加对蝴蝶物种丰富度有积极的影响，但对蝴蝶丰富度和植物物种丰富度没有影响。没有迹象表明，对有机农业的反应速度受到景观复杂性的影响。合成与应用。有机耕作对植物和蝴蝶物种丰富度的影响很快，而蝴蝶丰富度自过渡以来随着时间的推移而逐渐增加。如果对应急反应迟缓的反应被证明是很常见的，那么就需要在管理建议和政策中纳入长期影响，以充分发挥这类计划的潜力。
P>1. Environmental changes may not always result in rapid changes in species distributions, abundances or diversity. In order to estimate the effects of, for example, land-use changes caused by agri-environment schemes (AES) on biodiversity and ecosystem services, information on the time-lag between the application of the scheme and the responses of organisms is essential.2. We examined the effects of time since transition (TST) to organic farming on plant species richness and butterfly species richness and abundance. Surveys were conducted in cereal fields and adjacent field margins on 60 farms, 20 conventional and 40 organic, in two regions in Sweden. The organic farms were transferred from conventional management between 1 and 25 years before the survey took place. The farms were selected along a gradient of landscape complexity, indicated by the proportion of arable land, so that farms with similar TST were represented in all landscape types. Organism responses were assessed using model averaging.3. Plant and butterfly species richness was c. 20% higher on organic farms and butterfly abundance was about 60% higher, compared with conventional farms. Time since transition affected butterfly abundance gradually over the 25-year period, resulting in a 100% increase. In contrast, no TST effect on plant or butterfly species richness was found, indicating that the main effect took place immediately after the transition to organic farming.4. Increasing landscape complexity had a positive effect on butterfly species richness, but not on butterfly abundance or plant species richness. There was no indication that the speed of response to organic farming was affected by landscape complexity.5. Synthesis and applications. The effect of organic farming on diversity was rapid for plant and butterfly species richness, whereas butterfly abundance increased gradually with time since transition. If time-lags in responses to AESs turn out to be common, long-term effects would need to be included in management recommendations and policy to capture the full potential of such schemes.