Materials Availability Expands the Opportunity for Large-Scale Photovoltaics Deployment
Materials Availability Expands the Opportunity for Large-Scale Photovoltaics Deployment
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DOI：
10.1021/es8019534
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发表时间：
2009-03-15
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Kammen, Daniel M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wadia, Cyrus;Alivisatos, A. Paul;Kammen, Daniel M.
太阳能光伏发电在低碳的未来有着巨大的希望，但相对于其他技术来说仍然很昂贵。光伏发电在全球能源市场上的渗透大大增加，需要将注意力从高性能设计扩展到每千瓦时成本显著降低的设计。为了评估一套新的技术和经济性能目标，我们研究了23种有前途的半导体材料的材料提取成本和供应限制。12种复合材料系统被发现有能力满足或超过全球每年17000太瓦时的电力消耗，其中9种具有比晶体硅显著降低成本的潜力。我们发现在领先的薄膜材料和一些非常规太阳能电池候选材料（包括FeS2， CuO和Zn3P2）之间存在很大的材料提取成本（美分/瓦）差距。我们发现，当实现3/4的材料减少时，功率转换效率低于10%的设备提供与超过20%的设备相同的寿命能量输出。在这里，我们制定了一个路线图，强调低成本的替代品可能成为光伏研究和部署的主要新方法
Solar photovoltaics have great promise for a low-carbon future but remain expensive relative to other technologies. Greatly increased penetration of photovoltaics into global energy markets requires an expansion in attention from designs of high-performance to those that can deliver significantly lower cost per kilowatt-hour. To evaluate a new set of technical and economic performance targets, we examine material extraction costs and supply constraints for 23 promising semiconducting materials. Twelve composite materials systems were found to have the capacity to meet or exceed the annual worldwide electricity consumption of 17 000 TWh, of which nine have the potential for a significant cost reduction over crystalline silicon. We identify a large material extraction cost (cents/watt) gap between leading thin film materials and a number of unconventional solar cell candidates including FeS2, CuO, and Zn3P2. We find that devices performing below 10% power conversion efficiencies deliver the same lifetime energy output as those above 20% when a 3/4 material reduction is achieved. Here, we develop a roadmap emphasizing low-cost alternatives that could become a dominant new approach for photovoltaics research and deployment