Effect of Crude Oil and Chemical Additives on Metabolic Activity of Mixed Microbial Populations in Fresh Marsh Soils
Effect of Crude Oil and Chemical Additives on Metabolic Activity of Mixed Microbial Populations in Fresh Marsh Soils
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原油和化学添加剂对新鲜沼泽土壤混合微生物种群代谢活性的影响
DOI：
10.1007/s002489900139
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
J. Nyman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Nyman
摘要碳氢化合物增加了碳氢化合物降解微生物的丰度，但也降低了微生物的多样性。这可能会改变土壤有机质矿化和由此产生的养分再矿化率，从而破坏生态系统动态。众所周知，原油含有毒素并会降低微生物多样性，据推测，原油会降低湿地土壤中混合微生物种群的总代谢活动。对含有不同土壤有机质（Panicum hemitomon Shult. 或 Sagittaria lancifolia L. 为主的沼泽）、原油（阿拉伯原油、路易斯安那原油或无油）和添加剂（清洁剂、分散剂、肥料或无添加剂）的沼泽土壤的微观世界进行了为期 6 个月的土壤呼吸和 Eh 比较。没有治疗会减慢活动；相反，路易斯安那州加上化肥和所有阿拉伯处理措施暂时加速了活动。从含油微观世界中呼吸的额外 C 超过作为原油添加的 C 1.4 至 3.5 倍。因此，更多的碳来自土壤有机质而不是原油。原油暂时降低了土壤 Eh，这与加速的新陈代谢和对电子受体的需求是一致的。在群落水平上观察到缺乏抑制并不一定表明不存在毒性。相反，具有代谢多样性的耐受物种可能保持活性。刺激可能是由于消除了微量营养素限制，而不是消除了放牧压力或大量营养素限制。无论如何，土壤有机质矿化的加速肯定会加速养分的再矿化。这或许可以解释一些关于原油刺激植物生长的报道。这些结果与生物多样性对生态系统稳定性和生产力影响的理论和实验结论并不矛盾，也与原油含有对微生物、植被和动物有毒成分的结论并不矛盾。然而，这些数据确实表明原油还含有暂时刺激存活微生物代谢活动的成分。
A bstractHydrocarbons increase abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, but also decrease microbial diversity. This could disrupt ecosystem dynamics by altering soil organic matter mineralization and resultant nutrient remineralization rates. Crude oil, which is known to contain toxins and reduce microbial diversity, was hypothesized to reduce gross metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in wetland soils. Soil respiration and Eh were compared, for 6 months, among microcosms containing marsh soils that differed in soil organic matter (Panicum hemitomon Shult. or Sagittaria lancifolia L. dominated marshes), crude oil (Arabian crude, Louisiana crude, or no oil), and additives (a cleaner, a dispersant, fertilizer, or no additive). No treatment slowed activity; instead, Louisiana plus fertilizer and all Arabian treatments temporarily accelerated activity. Additional C respired from oiled microcosms exceeded C added as crude oil by 1.4 to 3.5 times. Thus, much additional C originated from soil organic matter rather than crude oil. Crude oils temporarily lowered soil Eh, which is consistent with accelerated metabolism and demand for electron acceptors. The lack of inhibition observed at the community level does not necessarily indicate an absence of toxicity. Instead, tolerant species with metabolic versatility probably maintained activity. Stimulation probably resulted from removal of micronutrient limitation, rather than removal of grazing pressure or macronutrient limitation. Regardless, accelerated soil organic matter mineralization surely accelerated nutrient remineralization. This might explain some reports of crude oil stimulating plant growth. These results are not inconsistent with theoretical and experimental conclusions regarding effects of biodiversity on ecosystem stability and productivity, nor are they inconsistent with conclusions that crude oils contain components that are toxic to microbes, vegetation, and fauna. However, these data do indicate that crude oils also contain components that temporarily stimulate metabolic activity of surviving microbes.