The optimization of cognitive functioning in old age: Predictions based on cohort-sequential and longitudinal data.
The optimization of cognitive functioning in old age: Predictions based on cohort-sequential and longitudinal data.
复制标题
老年认知功能的优化：基于队列序列和纵向数据的预测。
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511665684.006
复制
发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
K. Schaie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Schaie
社会科学家关心的是检查的假设，优化可以发生随着年龄的增长，谁直接努力发现的因素，让一些但不是所有的个人，以优化他们的能力，以维持高质量的生活一般似乎会作出三个隐含的假设。第一个假设有一个负面的味道：从成年早期达到的渐近水平下降被认为发生在老年的生物和行为功能，无论是在观察到的性能或储备能力的水平。相比之下，第二个假设更为积极：人们认为，个体在适应经历过的损失方面存在很大差异，个体在衰退中的维持模式可能多种多样，并受到多种影响。第三个假设是关于衰老现象研究所选择的模型：随着年龄的增长而衰退通常被认为是渐进的，连续的，不可逆转的。与这些假设相关的证据早已在认知功能领域（本章的主题）得到检验。老年人是否能够保持一定的适应水平，使他们能够继续独立生活，并在晚年表现出成就，这必然取决于他们的智力功能水平是否没有明显低于我们社会所期望的标准水平。的确，许多人在其一生中的大部分时间里都设法以低于平均水平的能力来科普。
Introduction Social scientists who are concerned with examining the hypothesis that optimization can occur with advancing age and who direct their efforts to discover the factors that allow some but not all individuals to optimize their abilities to maintain high-quality lives generally would seem to make three implicit assumptions. The first assumption has a negative flavor: Declines from asymptotic levels attained during early adulthood are assumed to occur in old age in both biological and behavioral functioning, whether at the level of observed performance or of reserve capacity. The second assumption, by contrast, is more positive: Individuals are thought to differ widely in their adaptation to experienced losses, and patterns of individual maintenance in decline may be both varied and subject to multiple influences. The third assumption concerns the model chosen for the study of aging pheonmena: Decline with age is often thought to be gradual, continuous, and irreversible in nature. Evidence with respect to these assumptions has long been examined in the area of cognitive functioning, the topic of this chapter. Whether older adults can maintain levels of adaptation that allow continuation of independent living and the expression of accomplishments in late life is necessarily contingent upon the maintenance of levels of intellectual functioning that have not fallen significantly below the normative levels expected by our society. It is quite true that many individuals throughout much of their life manage to cope at below-average levels of competence.